The pros and cons of teen sex Essay Example for Free

The pros and cons of teen sex Essay Sex, or the lack there of, will always be a topic among teens. Teens date, and teens have relationships. Most of these relationships will inevitably come to a point where one must chose whether to seize the moment and have sex with their partner, or they will set standards ahead of time saying they will not have sex until marriage. Every teen is either on one side of the fence or the other; they either will have premarital sex, or they will abstain. These two stances shed light on why sex is out of control today, what the world thinks about sex, and what religion says about sexual immorality. The facts are evident: teens have sex. It seems almost impossible to calculate the number of teens who are actually having premarital sex, because, of course, they dont wish to confess. Some teens though, have no choice but to confess because their actions lead to severe consequences such as pregnancy. Forty-three Percent of adolescent women become pregnant at least once before age 20 (Internet 1). That fact alone concludes that the choice of waiting for sex is in close running with the choice of not waiting. In the United States alone, more than 2,800 adolescents become pregnant each day. 1,300 of these girls give birth, 1,100 have abortions, and 400 have miscarriages (Internet 1). These astounding facts prove that sex may be considered out of control among teens today. In the olden days, around the Victorian period, sex was far from the topic that it is today. Also, during this time premarital sex was unthinkable. What happened between then and now that caused such an uproar? The world says that sex has become out of control because it was hushed for so long. But, for the last 20 years, sex has most defiantly not been hushed. If hushing up had been the cause of the trouble, ventilation would have set it right. But it has not (Lewis 92). As the world talks more and more about sex, and as the consequences of pregnancy Page 1 decrease through birth control methods, the issue of sex starts getting out of control. Birth control has had a huge impact on the increase of sexual activity. But, it wasnt until the early seventies that it became an issue in America. In 1972 the Supreme Court completely legalized birth control (Corfman 3). Also around this time came the invention of the pill. This wonder drug completely revolutionized the way humans viewed sex. People were no longer afraid of sex since the consequences of pregnancy almost vanished. Intercourse was promoted as an expression of love, and since then has become a casual affair to most of the  world. The world view states that intercourse is merely the ultimate way to express love. This statement completely isolates sex from marriage and downsizes it to become almost equal with a kiss which is also an expression of love. All around is heard the saying that sex is nothing to be ashamed of. This cliche is mostly true, but that does not mean sex should be talked about so openly. In fact, talking about the sex in the state that it is now should almost be shameful. C.S. Lewis uses a great illustration to express this point. Lewis says that there is nothing to be ashamed of in enjoying food, but there would be everything to be ashamed of if half the world made food the main interest of their lives and spent time looking at pictures of food and drooling and licking their lips (Lewis 92). As the sexual entertainment industry continues to grow people continue to degrade sex until it reaches the point of being almost meaningless. They view sex in the shameful way that Lewis refers to. Becoming obsessed and controlled by their physical lust, they let their emotions and desires control their actions. Naturally, sex is a desire of every human being. The way that humans control this desire is what separates the wo rld view from the Christian view. The world promotes pursuing urges and desires; seizing the day. A great example from the world view is Andrew Marvells poem, Page 2 To His Coy Mistress. In this poem Marvell possess a great love for a woman. Rather than waiting to have his Mistress, he wants her immediately. For he says times winged chariot is hurrying near because he wants his mistress to see there may not be much time left. Marvell wants her so much that he talks about tearing pleasures. This phrase gives the image of desiring something, such as a gift, so much that it must be immediately torn into rather than slowly opened. Seizing the day comes into play in the last line, we cannot make the sun stand still. Since he cannot stop time and feels it coming closer, he wants to seize the opportunity before it passes him by (Marvell 241). Seizing the day is a great motto, but according to many religions it should not be applied to sex, especially before marriage. The majority of Christians abstain from premarital sex based on what the Word of God says. Of course not every Christian obeys what the Bible says in regards to sex; and, not everyone who abstains from premarital sex does so based on Biblical beliefs. But, for the sake of the topic, this half of the paper will assume the abstinence stance because of what the bible says about the subject. The  first stance on sex and marriage held by Christians is that the two cannot be separated. Lewis again gives a great illustration of food to show that it is completely unnatural to separate two things God created to be together. He states that Christians do not believe that there is anything wrong with sexual pleasure, any more than there is with the pleasure of eating. But Christians do not believe that one should isolate sexual pleasure and try to get it outside of marriage, any more that one should try and get the pleasures of taste by just chewing and spitting it out again, rather than swallowing and digesting (Lewis 97). The World has completely separated sex and marriage; idolizing sex while degrading the importance of the covenant of marriage. Page 3 To Christians, a healthy attitude towards sex starts with a high view of marriage. For it says in Gods Word that Marriage should be honored by all, and the marriage bed kept pure, For God will judge the adulterer and the sexual immoral (Hebrews 13:4). Christians esteem marriage and take it very seriously. Bible believing churches do not believe in divorce, except of course in extreme cases. These high standards of marriage motivate people to think highly of sex. Guarding the sacredness of the marriage bed occurs by refusing to steal from it while single. Having complete intercourse is not the only way to steal from the marriage bed. Any sort of sexual immorality that God does not agree with steals from the sacredness of sex. The majority of people these days are stealing from the sacred gift that God has given for humans to experience during marriage. Sex and marriage are very spiritual things. When someone commits their life to Christ they die to self, and become alive in Him. Therefore the man is not his own, his Body belongs to God and he should honor him [God] by fleeing from sexual immorality (1 Corinthians 18-20). When two people that belong to Christ marry and have sex they become one (1 Corinthians 6:16). It joins a couple in an inseparable way, that is why divorce is not an option. After the two become one, if they are to divorce it is like cutting up a living body. Therefore sex is as much a spiritual mystery as it is a physical fact. Whether someone chooses to believe this statement or not: sex is a serious action with very serious consequences. No matter what stance a person takes in regards to abstinence, everyone must see the facts that sex is out of  control. Either people need to be smart when indulging in premarital sex, or they need to abstain completely. It has come to the shameful state where it now stands because people have abused the scared gift God created to be experienced only between a husband and wife.

Impact Of Volcanic Activity On The Environment

Impact Of Volcanic Activity On The Environment The research examines the impact of volcanic eruption on the environment and on society. The work aims at exploring four different types of volcanic eruption, the negative and positive impact of volcanic eruption and the health and safety measures during and after volcanic eruption. A total of thirty questionnaires were sent out to friends, staff and students of Cambridge education group, twenty responded with useful information which has influenced the content of this research. The questions includes, have you ever experienced volcanic eruption in your country, the positive and negative impact of volcanic eruption. The comment they made within the defined range was critically analysed by the author by making reference to secondary sources .It was found that the eruption in Iceland was a composite volcanic eruption which lead to closure of several airports around the world. Volcanic eruption has a devastating effect on our society and could lead to loss of lives, income and properties. iv INTRODUCTION The name volcano has its origin from the word Vulcan, a god of fire in Roman mythology. Most people instantly think that a cone shaped mountain with smooth steep slopes, perhaps with a snow covered peak and a ring of smoke rising skyward. The description is accurate but applies to only one type of volcano which is the stratovolcano. Although there are other types that differ in many ways from stratovolcano, some volcanoes are composed of long, gentle slopes often covered with fertile soil while some have no vertical structure instead composed of a depression hundreds of yards deep and extending over several miles. The shape of volcanic structure is clear indication of the type of activity carried on by the volcano .A volcanoes type of activity is also related to the chemical and physical properties of magma produced. Mauro R(2003) 1.1PRODUCT OF VOLCANISM Volcanism in Iceland results from divergent plate movement across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and excessive production of magma in the North Atlantic Mantle plumeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Freysteinn (2006) The product of volcanic eruption are lava, gases and fragmented material such as ash which is derived from molten rock called magma .Magma is a molten matter of silicate composition. Silicon is the main constituent of most minerals and rock in the Earthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s crust and also contains dissolved gases which is less dense than solid rock and tends to work it way upwards through fissures .lava is a magma that has erupted at the surface.The term lava applies both to the molten material and to the rock that forms after magma has cooled and hardened. Schminike ( 2004) 1.2 BACKGROUND OF STUDY In the 9th century AD, the Vikings settled in Iceland and established a council that documented its first historical volcanic eruption .The heroic tale was written in the 12th and 13th centuries after a third of the population died from smallpox and in 1783-1784, Laki eruption killed a-fifth of the remaining population by famine. Iceland gained sovereignty from Denmark in 1981 and completed independence in 1944 Recently,the Eyajallajokull volcano which is known as the iseland-mountain underglacier, situated in the southern Iceland erupted spectacularly on the 14th of April 2010 ,after having been dormant for almost 5000years .During this eruption ,the subglacial eruption produced a large ash plumes that drifted over Europe and forced an unprecedented closure of airspace in Europe and other countries .The Iceland owe its existence to a large volcanic hot spot sitting on a mid-ocean ridge .The plate boundary between the American and Eurasian tectonic plate crosses Iceland from the south to the north and spreading process can be directly measured and observed on land .Chimu (2010) 1.3AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Volcanic eruption in Europe can cause severe damage in localized areas. This can be seen in Iceland, a country prone to volcanic eruption. Volcanic eruption has the ability to irreparably damage plant and animal ecosystems and also human social environments. This report seeks to explore the types of volcano, the positive and negative impact of volcanic eruption. This report will also show the health and safety measures during and after volcanic eruption. 2 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW The Authors below has discussed the phenomenon on the previous volcanic eruption on different locations. This has been incorporated by the author in view of the recent volcanic eruption in Iceland. According to Grattan et al (1991) historical document from A.D ,1783 demonstrated that volcanic gases emitted in an eruption in Iceland did have a severe effect on both the physical and human environment within Europe. The Laki volcanic eruption in southern Iceland in 1783, resulted to high release of haze which were felt all over Iceland .The damaging effect led to destruction crops and vegetation, cultivated crops and vegetation were burnt and withered by acid precipitation. Caseldine (2009) Mount Pinatubo is a volcano that stands 5770 feet, which is located in Philippine along the coordinates 15oN,1200E. The eruption in Mount Pinatubo on the 15th of July was the second largest most violent volcanic activity in the twentieth century after being dominant for over 500 years .The action led to the release of nearly 20 million tons of pyroclastic debris which actually resulted to the destruction of more than 200,000 acre of land and also gave rise to major casualties and damage.This includes the death of more than 700 people and destruction of more than 200,000 homes. Yacove ( 2003). In the morning of May 18th ,1980 Mount St Helens erupted a pyroclastic material which constituted a hot pumice and ash. Approximately 400 meter of the mountainside blew outward that morning. About 60 square kilometres of the neighboring valley was filled with debris.The explosive eruption of Mount St Helens caused the death of over 50 people .Allan (2003 ) Kilauea is lacated between the southeast and it is the spot where all active volcanoes in the entire Hawaiian chain occurred,perhaps the world`s most active volcano . Kilauea`s frequent eruption makes the crater a great study site for volcanologists. In Hawaiian tradition Kilauea is also the home of Pele,the Hawaiian volcano goddess. During the nineteenth century the eruption occurred more often and have contributed to the Kilauea`s reputition, both as a geologic site of wonder and as spiritual site of significance to some residents of Hawaii Allan( 2003) The stramboli volcano in Italy is archytype for strambolian activity (carniel and lacop 1996) another feature of this volcano is the presence of continous volcanic tremor (Ripepe and Gorder1991) .About twice a year the volcanic eruption that occurred showed paroxysmal activity that effected tourist visiting the volcano( Jaquet and caniel 2001) 3 3.0 METHODOLOGY This research has been conducted by the author through the use of primary and secondary sources .Primary data were achieved by survey, interviewing people both verbally and online on the account to the recent volcanic eruption that occurred in Iceland and previous eruption in other countries. A total of thirty questionnaires were issued out to students, tutors, administrators and an expert on the field of structural geology. The information received were critically analysed and incorporated into the report. Secondary sources were evaluated from two different research trends which are quantitative and qualitative analysis. These analysis were established by making reference to books from the library, journals, articles and also e-books such as goggle scholar ,goggle books were utilised .Data collected from these material were re-examined by comparing, evaluating both information from primary and secondary data 4 4.0 VOLCANISM The frequency, magnitude and kind of volcanic eruption are likely to change in the future. The earth has been formed about 4.6billion years ago with consistent occurrence of volcanic eruption. Each year about one-tenth of the active volcanoes on earth erupt. One in every six of the active volcanoes on earth has led to loss of lives and properties as a result of this activity , cities and region has been devastated. Disastrous volcanic eruptions are characterised by rapid onset of their climatic phase and by a wide variety of eruptive behaviour and effects. High and low temperature particularly mass flows of different types, such as debris, avalenche, pyroclastic flows and debris flows but also including atmospheric transport of ash for hundreds of killometres ,during a dynamic eruptions, huge masses of gasses are released into the stratosphere ,forming aerosol that globally effect the climate and the ozone layer for years.Volcano are certain to increase in future the reason are manifold. Schimike(2004) 4.1. CAUSES OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION A volcano is composed of three basic elements. A vent through which volcanic material erupt. A conduit which is the passage that allows magama to reach the surface of the earth and a reservoir or magma chamber deep in the earth crust. All volcanic eruption are not alike, some eruption are quiet with lava slowly oozing from a vent .Other eruption are very violent with lava and other materials being injected hundred miles into the air. Gases from within the earth interior mix with huge quantities of dust and ash and rise into the air as a great dark clouds that can be seen from many kilometres away. Some dark coloured lava is thin and runny and tends to flow as well. Explosive eruption are caused when lava in the vents hardens into rock.Steam and lava build up under the rocks when the pressure of the steam and new lava becomes great, a violent explosion occurs as a result of internal pressure within the rock.Gases and rock shoot up through the opening and spill over or fill the air with lava fragments.A volcanic eruption have been known to knock an entire forest ,furthermore an erupting volcano can trigger tsunamis,flashfloods,earthquakes,mudflow and rockfalls. After Floyd (2000) 4.2 TYPES AND COMPOSITION OF VOLCANOES There are different kinds of volcanoes which are classified based on the shape of the volcano ,the materials they are built of and the way the volcano erupt .The author will explain four different types of volcano which are grouped as: 1. Strato volcanoes 2. Cinder cones volcanoes 5 3. Shield volcanoes (which are also called shields) 4. Lava dome volcanoes 3.2.1 strato volcanoes The stratovolcanoes are also known as a composite volcanoes. Magma moves to the surface from its source miles below the crust and often changes in composition. There are different types of magma which are associated with different types of volcanoes. Basaltic magma, which comes from deep within the mantle undergoes little chemical changes during the process of volcanism. During this process some amount of fluid allows the magma to let-off its gas safely. The resulting landforms are cinder cones and shield volcanoes. In stratovolcano,magma`s chemical composition may change to a more viscous type.The chemical composition will eventually be responsible for the creation of volcanic rocks which are different from basalt.The three most common rock types found in strato volcanoes ,with variations in their composition are rhyolite,decite and andesite.Andesite has similar composition to basalt but has more percentage of silica content than basalt ,however Rhyolite on the other hand ,is more i dentical in composition to its parent rock while Decite is the middle in terms of composition. The rock types serve a purpose in composite eruption because it tells geologists the source of magma and the phase of eruption. The composite volcano are composed of virtually all the material a volcano can eject from a vent and the materials discharged piles up to form steeply sloping cone of the volcano. Prisciantelli (2004) 4.2.2 CINDER CONE VOLCANOES Cinder cones are one type of volcano or volcanic landform. They are associated with subsurface contact which amounts to their volatility.Magma on the top of a chamber is loaded with gas during the process of volcanic activity.The pressure from the gases subsequently necessitate to the explosiveness of the eruption while at the bottom of the chamber the pressure is less and magma tends to flow through a break in the cone. Furthermore when gases are thrown in the air during eruption the lava shatters and hardens to small cinders and ash which piles up around the vent. In addition the cinder cones are usually steep-sided and the top of the cone has a bowl shape which are small in size. The typical behaviour of a cinder cone is an eruption from a vent in the earth, concurrently, cinders are being accumulated to form the cone ,followed by a possible break at the base of the cone from which lava flows. The cinder is used for construction and also seperated by snowplows during winter to improve driving on icy roads.Prisiantelli(2004) 6 4.2.3 SHIELD VOLCANOES The shield volcanoes are another type of volcanic structure but are much broader than cinder cones, generally covering large areas. Lava constantly flows through the vent and they do not produce cinders, ash like the cinder cone volcanoes. The shield volcanoes are not as explosive and destructive as composite and cinder cone volcanoes .However they are harmful to anyone they come in contact with and also their lava flow covers a wider range of distance .The lava has multiple flows while one is hardening the other tends to begin and run over the top of the initial flow. In this manner, the volcano builds outward into a broad slope, its structure is high and wide and often covers many mile during this activity. The slope is more gradual than that of the composite or cinder cone volcano. Shield volcanoes has a similarity with that of the cinder cones in terms of basalt lava composition. The rock type of the shield volcano is andesite and the fluid flow is different from the basaltic flo w. Pisiantelle(2004) 4.2.4 LAVA DOMES VOLCANOES Lava domes volcanoes are less common and are also known as volcanic domes and plug domes which are steep-sided, bulb-shaped mountain that forms when viscous felsic magma and occasionally intermediate magma, is forced toward the surface. When pressure below the chamber is great , the felsic magma tends to move gradually. This is as a result of the sticky magma that are contained in a chamber. Some cited examples of a lava domes volcanoes was an occurrence in Washington which began in the year 1980 on Mount St. Helens. A number of lava domes were buried in the crater of Mount St. Helens and most of these were destroyed during subsequent eruptions. Since 1983, Mount St. Helens has been characterised by occasional growth and renewed eruption in 2004.More so in June 1991, a lava dome in japan, the unzen volcanoe collapsed under its own weight which caused debris to flow and also hot ash that killed 43 people during the eruption. The lava domes eruptions are among the most violent and destructive. In 1992 on Mount Pele on the island of Martinique, viscous magma accumulated at the highest point of the Pele and eventually pressure increased until the side of the mountain blew out with a huge explosion which led to the high discharge of dense cloud of pyroclastic materials and a glowing cloud of dust called the Nuee ardante (glowing cloud in French).The explosion also led to swirling cloud of white-hot ash and gases with an internal temperature of 700 degree celsius that consumed everything in its path. Subsequently, Nuee ardent passed through 7 St.Pierre within two or three minutes ,followed by a firestone as an ignitable material which burned and exploded. Approximately 28,000 resident of the city died during this action. According to Wicander (2008) 8 5.0 THE IMPACT OF VOLCANIC ERUPTION ( CASE STUDY:ICELAND VOLCANO 2010) Iceland has a high concentration of active volcanoes due to unique geological conditions. There are about 130 mountains of volcanic origin,18 of which have erupted since the colonization. A high amount of volcanism is concentrated along the plate boundary ,which runs across the island from the southwest to the north west. In the south and southwest regions of the island we find the Hekla, Eldgja and the Laki craters, also the Arafajokull and Snafellsjokull. Eyjafjallojokull is situated to the north of skoger and to the west of Myradalsjokull .Hooper (2010) Geologist explain the high concentration of volcanic activity in Iceland by a combination of the island position on the mid-atlantic ridge and volcanic hot spot underneath the Eurasian and North American plates. More so Icelandic eruptions are famous for their massive volume of erupted ashes and for vast lava outflows. The most common type of volcanoes are the composite volcanoes which spread over vast areas of the country and usually arranged in chains. Over the last 500years Iceland`s volcanoes have ejected about one third of the total global lava output ,although the Laki volcano in southern Iceland which erupted in 1783 and was classified as the largest erupted lava since the Iceland`s colonization .The most recent volcanic eruption in Iceland began on the 14th of April at the Eyjafjallokull mountain .Geologist explained during the eruption ,that the activity of the volcano increased incessantly, spewing a plume of ash which was approximately 5.3 miles high into the atmosphere. Thousands of flights were cancelled with millions of travel plans affected. During the incidence it was estimated that shutting down the United kingdom`s airspace alone for a week incurred lost of over 100 million pounds. More so business plans and those involved in importation and exportation of goods were disrupted. Th e global cost of the disruption, resulted in a loss of billions of pounds.Hooper (2010) 5.2 PRIMARY ANALYSES Questionnaire survey detailed in the report will help to influence some of the content of this report, other influences will be interviews both verbally and online. Although it was difficult to draw conclusions from some of the responses particularly the open-ended response. This investigation was carried out on friends lectures and also on students and staff of the Cambridge education group ,between 4th July to 11th July 2010 A total of 30 people were advised to fill in a questionnaire and out of the 30 people ,the number of responses from both online and paper questionnaire at the time of this research totalled 20 and out of the people that responded 18% were males while 12%,were females. The age-group of these participants ,27% were under 40 whereas 3% were above 40. Question 8,on the questionnaire was, have you ever experienced volcanic eruption in your country. A total of 27% partakers said No, while 3% said yes. Furthermore , question 10 was ,do u think that volcanic activity has a negative impact on the economy of a country. 30% of the respondents said yes and there reasons were, it can affect business activities by giving rise to delay on production services and that volcanic eruption may defer tourist and cause a lot of damages to properties ,vegetation and livelihood. Smoke haze will cause or necessitate delays both on residents and visitors going for tourism and other important activities . Most airports might likely to be shut-down during this activity. More so most manufacturing industries that rely on importation and exportation will put a halt on their activities there by affecting income generation and revenue for the government and private sector as a whole. Question 12 , was about the positive impact of volcanic eruption.27% of the respondents said that volcanic eruption, only has negative impact whereas 3% out of the respondents who said Yes, provided information within the defined range. The comments they made were that ,many years after volcanic eruption it could aid tourism and also produce interesting geographical and historical features. Furthermore,ash which is a product of volcanism enriches the soil when it is being deposited at the surface of the earth. In addition new rocks are formed from magma and can be used for infrastructural development. The analysis is shown on table 2 5.3 FINDINGS The preceding chapters focused on the origin ,composition and types of volcanoes. More so, on the procedures and analyses of primary data to meet the requirement of the author. This chapter will analyse further on the negative and positive impact of volcanic eruption on society in relation to primary analyses. This has been achieved through secondary sources. Depending on the type of eruption and its location, volcanic eruptions has overwhelming effects through a number of displays. The negative impact includes, the high release of haze during eruption ,which leads to destruction of crops and vegetation from acid precipitation.Caseldine( 2009). Pyroclastic resulting from eruption and can cause ample damage depending on the size of the layer deposited. A Thickness which is less than 1mm will act as irritant to lungs and eyes and also lead to closure of airport due to the potential to aircraft and contaminate water within the area. While a layer of ash with thickness between 1-5mm will cause minor damage to buildings and blocking air filters. This can also lead to electricity cuts due to conductivity of wet ash. A layer of ash which is about 5 -10mm will destroy crops and pastures, causing light weight buildings to collapse and also effect rail transport through signal failure. After Gottsamann (2008) Furthermore,a cited example of the negative impact was the eruption in Laki which is located in southern Iceland in the year 1983 .When lava poured out from a total of 135 newly opened cratars, it was estimated that during this eruption some half billion tons of 11 toxic gases was expelled into the atmosphere and killed over 16,000 people and slughter about 60% of cattle in island. After Gottsamann (2008). Volcanic eruption deposit materials (ash) on the surface of the earth and after a long period of time due to physical and chemical changes ,the ash provides nutrient to the surrounding soil. Volcanic soils are potentially fertile as the ash can contain trace element beneficial to the growth of plant .This can relatively encourage high population and intense agriculture within the area. Volcanoes are often located in region where there is high agricultural production. Volcanoes, provides strikingly natural beauty which can attract tourist .An example demonstrated is the volcanic eruption which occurred between 1963-1965 in costa rica ,called the Irezu volcano. The eruption was reported to be responsible for 4.3% increase in the number of tourists between 1963-1964 . Indirect economic benefit can also be initiated in response to the indications or threat of imminent volcanic eruption. Further example, was the volcanic activity that took place at Rabaul papua , New Guinea between 1983 a nd 1985 which led to a number of improvement to infrastructure on that location.This includes advancement of air-strips, road and bridges ,water and power supplies ,health facilities and communications .However during this growth ,food production increased as a number of people cultivated food gardens outside the danger zone.After Gottsamann ( 2008) 12 6.0 HEALTH AND SAFTY MEASURES DURING AND AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION WHAT TO DO DURING VOCANIC ERUPTION 1. During volcanic eruption,it requires immediate evacuation to a safer location ,rock debris ,lava flows and ash will make the area around the volcano dangerous to anyone that stays 2. If instructed to evacuate follow the directions of the authorities. 3. Evacuate to an area upwind and higher ground .Flash floods, mud and poisonous gases will accumulate in low lying areas 4. If you are unable to evacuate ,seek shelter indoors and make sure all windows and doors are locked to keep ash out . 5. Store all vehicles and equipment inside a garage and leave them, until the eruption has ended. 6. If you must go outdoors use goggle to protect your eyes and use a face mask or hold a damp cloth over your face to aid breathing. 7. Avoid falling volcanic ash ,cover your mouth and nose and wear long-sleeves to avoid irritation or burns on the skin. 8. If you are in a vehicle keep the engine switched off. Avoid driving when ash is falling heavily as driving will stir up more ash that may clog your vehicle`s engine. Bickley (2010) WHAT TO DO AFTER VOLCANIC ERUPTION 1. Minimise your movement and keep all windows and doors closed. 2. Always ensure the safety of yourself and your family before responding to the needs of others. Do a headcount to make sure the members of the family are safe and sound. 3. Check for injuries,do not attempt to move seriously injured person unless they are in immediate danger of death or further injury. 4. Drive slowly and carefully with your lights on. 5. Remove ash from your roof,more than ten centimetres of ash may be enough for your roof to collapse. 13 6. Hose down outside with a little water to dampen the ash .This helps to keep it from blowing around. Bickley (2010) 14 7.0 CONCLUSION In the assessement of the impact of volcanic eruption on the society and environment ,it was found that volcanic eruption are not alike ,some are quiet while some are violent ,This action depends on the internal pressure exerted on lava. The pressure necessitates gases and rocks to shot up through a vent and conduit and fill the air with lava fragments. It can be seen that the recent volcanic eruption in Iceland on eyjafjallolojokull province was a composite volcanic eruption which has ejected about one third of the total global lava output over the past 500years .The recent volcanic activity in Iceland occurred within a month and resulted to a loss of billions of pounds around Europe. The sudden violence of volcanic eruption causes catastrophe and devastation on the environment .This includes destruction of buildings, crops and vegetation. Could also lead to flight and vital activity delayed The findings also indicate that volcanic eruption has more negative impact on our society and these could affect income generation and revenue for the government and private sector.

Summary of A Child Called It by Dave Pelzer :: essays research papers

A Child Called 'It' 'You are a nobody! An It!?(Pelzer 140). These were the raw, disheartened remarks that came from the disgusting coldhearted mother's mouth. These painful hurting remarks at her son was how the book got its title and that's what interested me in reading this book. A Child Called 'It', by Dave Pelzer, is a life-changing story about, a young boy who is starved, beat, and tortured by his mother and her cruel games, yet he manages to turn his life around when he grows up. This young boy uses his faith, self-discipline, and will power to overrule his mother's destruction and life damaging obstacles. David was a young boy who got beaten everyday. He was very skinny, bony, and was beaten everyday. David wore threadbare clothing, he looked as if he hadn't changed or washed his clothes in months. This was the truth, his mother starved him and abused him. She never washed his clothes to embarrass him. This worked at first when people started making fun of him, but David got used to it. Bullies started beating the scrawny boy up everyday, it became a routine, but he was so frail and weak from being starved he couldn?t fight back. David looked muddled, he had a very terrible physical journey that made him mentally stronger. Loving God and hating his own mother kept David strong. David loved God, he prayed every night to God. He hated his mother so much he wanted to outthink her tricks, he did. He used different tactics like over exaggerating his pain when he got beat, putting a wet cloth over his mouth when his mother put cleaning products in a room with him. David kept counting time in his head in order to make the time pass faster.

Essay --

In a world of violence and antagonism every day a crime is committed every second of the day. The job of a crime scene technician is to thoroughly study and solve these cases. Is it actually possible to be able to discover who committed the crime? One fiber or clothing or even a strand of hair can lead you to who did it. Solving a crime all depends on putting all the pieces together to form a picture of what could have happened. Crime scene technicians are able to properly observe, document, and collect evidence to find out who committed the crime. Education In the process of becoming a crime scene technician it takes years of education and different courses that must be passed. In the technical school it is required to have a 4 year college degree and bachelors degree in forensic science, criminal justice, crime scene investigation, biology, and chemistry( Echoure 60). In those courses it gives you an overall education on the types of things you will be facing at crime scenes. Many of the required courses include 1-3 years of police work with fingerprints, crime scene experience, photography, and photo processing experience (Calhoun 2). To get into being a crime scene technician you need to have a valid driver's license and a certification from an international association. Having a bachelors degree in all these courses and with years of education does not make the job of a crime scene technician any easier. Qualifications It takes a devoted and educated person to be a crime scene technician. This job is not as easy as most people think it is. To get an optimum outcome while working its best to be patient and work deliberately. A crime scene technician needs to know how to conduct through investigations, work effectively u... ...clude stressful work, long hours, and a lot of pressure from other law enforcement professionals. With devoted time and education you will notice that the good weighs out bad. Some people live in the fear of what could happen day to day not knowing whether they're going to survive or not. Everyday a crime scene technician puts their lives on the line in order to have the satisfaction of helping others. I have great interest in this career because I like the challenge of having to use physical evidence to be able to figure out crime scenes. Solving mysteries by thoroughly studying evidence can help you go a long way when it comes to what you devote your time to. When researching about Crime Scene Technicians I had been inspired by all that they do. There is nothing better than pursuing in a career that satisfies you as a person and almost always benefits others.

A Comparison of Two World Leaders

Icons of Modern Leadership: Lee Kuan Yew of Modern Singapore vs. Adolf Hitler, a Prominent Aggressor of World War II They say history must not repeat itself especially when it involves loss of lives, destruction of property and disruption in the delivery of basic services to people including relationships. In this paper, former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew and Fuhrer and Chancellor Adolf Hitler have been chosen as effective World Leaders whose achievements, whether good or bad, have been identified to greatly impact many lives of people around the world.This paper is not to pass judgment on them whether they have become good or bad leaders of the past. What is being looked into is how effective these leaders have been in carrying out their goals, strategies, etc. and the lessons that must be learned. The strategies, ways and means both used to achieve their goals may have been totally poles apart or different based on their beliefs, manner of doing, choices, etc. But for o ne thing, both leaders dreamed of harmony, peace, unity and progress for their country.The difference is how they executed that dream. Both leaders have left significant different memories, one of which is the unforgettable holocaust initiated by Fuhrer Adolf Hitler and a successful giant leap of economic redemption of Singapore from a Third World country to become an Asian Tiger country within the three decades of Lee Kuan Yew’s rule. Each leader delivered significant changes that deserve to be called great icons in the history of world leaders.Adolf Hitler who was the reason for the outbreak of World War II and Lee Kuan Yew who transformed Singapore from a Third World country to another Asian Tiger country, have been chosen and juxtaposed to learn the similarities and contrasts of their qualities and styles as leaders as well as how their reigns brought impact to the world. Credited to Hitler’s achievements were as follows: â€Å"awarded the Iron Cross, First Class in December 1914 (a rare decoration for bravery in action to a corporal)† (Hitler,A. , 2011); â€Å"annexation of Austria and Sudetenland† (Chen, P. 2012); wrote the book ‘Mein Kampf’ (meaning My Struggle) where it was an anti-Semitic, anti-Communist diatribe outlining his strategy for remaking Germany and becoming a conquering power throughout Europe† (Harkavy, 1996). â€Å"By 1938 Hitler had made Germany the most powerful and feared country in Europe (and perhaps in the world)† (Hitler, A. , 2011). â€Å"Majority of the German people supported him because they saw during his early leadership to his credit how unemployment virtually disappeared, the rising prosperity of the masses, the new social institutions and the increase of German prestige in the 1930’s.All these achievements of Hitler were unparalleled in the histories of other modern totalitarian dictatorship†(Hitler, A. 2011). On the other hand, achievements credited to Y ew include: redemption of Singapore from a Third World Country to become an Asian Tiger country now aligned with other rich Asian countries like Japan, Hongkong, and Taiwan. Singapore is now an envy of many neighboring Asian countries. Of Lee Kuan Yew’s outstanding achievements, eradication of corruption was envied by many ASEAN nations because ‘Corruption’ has always long been associated with Third World Asian nations.Other achievements include the substantial â€Å"increase in the living standards (Loh,K. 2011)† in this country: â€Å"As Prime Minister, Lee Kuan Yew presided over an exponential increase in Singapore's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from US$704 million in 1960 to US$38 billion in 1990. This figure currently stands at US$222 billion, or over 300 times its level in 1960. Adjusting for cost of living differences, Singapore's GDP per capita was ranked 3rd  globally by the International Monetary Fund in 2010† (Loh, K, 2011).Evidently, e verybody saw the difference of how improved Singapore is today from the 1960’s. Now Singapore will always be equated and associated with the name of Lee Kuan Yew, the father of Singapore. Analyzing closely, the nearest similarity observed from both leaders is that they both embraced the style of totalitarian dictatorship during their reigns. Other similarities noted include: both became inspiring leaders to the millions of their respective constituents.For Hitler, his actions united majority of the Germans and Austrians although some say this holds true prior to his order of mass executions for the Jews. It was also noted that both leaders started their political careers by heading the Popular Party of their masses: Hitler became a prominent leader of National Socialist German Working Party (Nazi) while Yew also became a strong leader of Singapore’s People’s Action Party (PAP). They also had one dream, that is. to achieve â€Å"peace, harmony and unity as well as progress† not only for their country but also for the whole world.Both have redeemed their countries from economic downturn to economic recovery and continued progress. Both have shown improvements not only on the lives of their people but also on policies, economy and evidently on the overall progress of their respective countries. â€Å"How did Adolf Hitler who, according to Professor Jeremy Noakes, was just a drifter and a failed artist, become one of the most destructive political leaders in the 20th century? † (Noakes, 2011). Hitler did struggle during his early civilian life. When his father died, he and his mother were left with inadequate pension and savings which is the reason why he never advanced beyond his secondary education† (Hitler, A. , 2011). This may be one of the outstanding differences between the two. Yew’s household was better off than Hitler’s because Lee Kuan Yew was able â€Å"to get education at Raffles College in Singap ore and Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge, England. He started as a lawyer, founded the People’s Action Party in Singapore and became the Secretary General† (Yew, 2010).This paved the way to Yew’s political career. On the other hand, Hitler embraced the military which paved the way to his rise to power. Accordingly, â€Å"He greeted the war with enthusiasm, as a great relief from the frustration and aimlessness of his civilian life. He found discipline and comradeship satisfying and was confirmed in his belief about the heroic virtues of war. He occupied two positions during his reign, as Chancellor (Kanzler) and as Fuehrer of Germany covering 1933 to 1945† (Hitler, A. , 2011).A distinctive difference is the leader’s belief. At the early part of his life, Hitler developed a strong discrimination for the Jews. Certain events in his life have led him to develop strong anti-Semitism or hatred for the Jews. Lee Kuan Yew embraced the teachings of Confucius. Another difference is that Hitler alone had his inherent own unique leadership style while Lee Kuan Yew’s was greatly inspired by Machiavellian virtu as he cited: â€Å"Between being loved and being feared, I have always believed Machiavelli was right.If nobody is afraid of me, I’m meaningless  (Lee Kuan Yew, 6. 10. 1997)† (Gordon, n. d. ). Comparing the two leaders on the basis of the magnitude and coverage or extent of each leader’s involvement and impact, Adolf Hitler may be considered the most effective leader because one of his greatest achievements among others is having the great majority of Germans and Austrians rally behind him until the end.This is something that historians could not find from any predecessor who could have done or come close to what Adolf Hitler did despite being accused as the war aggressor and a tyrannical dictator killing 6 million Jews during his reign. Yet despite all these, much have been said and written about Adolf H itler who has all the right to be an icon leader of the 20th century. For this purpose, Lee Kuan Yew is chosen to have less impact among these two most effective leaders. Lee Kuan Yew’s achievement, though only involved Singapore’s development, has also become a showcase to the world.Finally, restating what Lee Kuan Yew imparted (not the exact words), â€Å"An effective leader is the one who can be dispensable† which means if you have left your realm or domain without anybody able to take over it, then you are not a good leader. Leading is a continuous momentum whether you are there or somebody takes the helm from you. WORKS CITED Chen, Peter C. (2012) Munich Conference and the Annexation of Sudetenland: 29 Sep 1938 – 10 Oct 1938. World War II Database [Data File]. Retrieved from http://ww2db. com/battle_spec. hp? battle_id=87 Gordon, Uri (n. d. ) . Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kuan Yew  and Singapore's Authoritarian Regime. Retrieved from http://www. scrib d. com/doc/38148245/Lee-Kuan-Yew Adolf Hitler. (2012) History Learning Site. Retrieved from http://www. historylearningsite. co. uk/adolf_hitler. htm Loh, Kai H. (May, 2011). Lee Kuan Yew’s Legacy. Dragons and Tigers: An East Asian Perspective. Retrieved from http://www. globalconversation. org/2011/05/15/lee-kuan-yews-legacy Noakes, Jeremy. ( 2011). The Rise of Adolf Hitler.Retrieved from http://www. bbc. co. uk/history/worldwars/wwtwo/hitler_01. shtml Hitler, Adolf (2011). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved April 14, 2012, from http://www. biography. com/people/adolf-hitler-9340144 Harkavy, Michael D. ed. (1996) Adolf Hitler. The New Illustrated Home Reference Guide ( p. 499) Trident Press International, Canada: New Webster’s International Encyclopedia (print). Yew, Lee K. (2010). Distinguished Fellow: Lee Kuan Yew. Retrieved from http://www. lkyspp. nus. edu. sg/Faculty_Lee_Kuan_Yew. aspx

Supplements Market

The supplements market is significantly large and we would need all organic foods collectively to measure up. When more employees are hired to work in the dietary supplement industry the pro is induced impacts. More careers directly related to the industry means more earnings and splurging as more jobs are founded. The employment multiplier is the number that is multiplied by the number of jobs directly involved in the industry to measure the impact the industry will have on a region when it's successful or failing (Kashian, 2012). In a 2012 report, Dr. Russell Kashian defined induced effect as the result of the family adjusting how they spend as a unit based on a bonus of more pay produced by direct and indirect effects. The induced effect measures the effects of the changes in household income: employees and suppliers in the dietary supplement industry spend money at restaurants, grocery stores, and shops (Kashian, 2012). Consumption analysis refers to why and how people use products in addition to why and how they buy (Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel (2006). Supply is defined as the quantity of a good the business is willing to sell at an agreed price in the business (Manwik, 2009). The market for dietary supplements continues to grow significantly. Today's Dietitian magazine states some of the main reasons for the increase of consumers searching for the perfect dietary supplement product that includes the desire for a longer healthier lifestyle, more energy, weight control, and improved immunity (Palmer, 2010). Branding and positioning are a couple more factors that have influenced the demand and decision to buy specific reputable brand name dietary supplements. Demand is the quantity of goods and services consumers are willing and able to purchase regardless of price (Mankiw, 2009). Senior citizens struggle with sustaining the best possible health as they would like. It is estimated that nearly 25 percent of the people over age 65 will be living with diabetes, almost one half will have arthritis, and more than one third will be considered obese by the year 2030 (Tindal, 2017). The market for dietary supplements is competitive buyers and sellers. The actions of buyers and sellers will determine the equilibrium.Changes in Supply and Demand Affect Equilibrium PriceWhat's the economic outcome or explanation for this? An IMPLAN input-output model is an instrument for measuring the dietary supplement industry's economic influence of expenditures (Kashian, 2012). The direct effect is production adjustments coupled with an adjustment in demand for the good (Kashian, 2012). It is the first force on the economy and the spending is developed by the dietary supplement industry. The University of Wisconsin Whitewater Fiscal and Economic Research Center reported that in 2006, the dietary supplement industry could disclose a national $22.5 billion direct-effected output or productivity. An indirect effect is derived from the fluctuating input needs of directly affected industries. They also found that indirectly, the industry contributed $16 billion while generating $22 billion (Kashian, 2012). Global dietary supplements market size was $126.14 billion in 2016 (Reports and Data, 2018). In the meantime, the global organic food and beverage market was $110 billion in 2016, fairly close but not nearly as much as the dietary supplements market. Another economic contribution from the dietary supplement industry would be paid taxes. Multiple sectors of the industry paid $10.073 billion in taxes together in 2009, including $4.7 billion to the local government and $5.3 billion to the federal government (Kashian, 2012). Consumers may even share the expense of taxes with the supplements market without knowing it. The costs can usually be tacked on to the cost of supply price. Tax on the dietary supplements and the factor of production becomes increased costs of production for the dietary supplements market.

Analysis Of Jung Chang s Wild Swans Three Daughters...

Jung Chang’s â€Å"Wild Swans: Three Daughters of China† is a biography of three generations of women growing up in an era of China where the continued change in leaders and their politics contributed to their struggles as women. Women were seen as second class citizens in every aspect of their lives. Jung Chang begins the story with the life of her grandmother who was a warlord’s concubine, her mother’s life as the wife of a communist party leader, and her coming of age during the Cultural Revolution. While there has been some advancement in each era for women, there are universal issues which are still prevalent in today’s China. In order to demonstrate the advancement of women, I will discuss the roles of women through each woman’s era. There is also a need to address the lack of representation of women from a political and economic aspect as they relate to current day in China and the treatment of women activists who dare to fight back. Because of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, which was designed to do away with the old ways of China, some might argue that women are no longer excluded from the social and political decisions. Chang’s grandmother, Yu-fang was born when China was still under the Japanese rule. While life in China was hard for all, it was especially hard for women. During this era, there were traditional family roles. This tradition established the relationships between a man and his wives, the eldest male sibling to the rest of the

The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division Case Essay - 949 Words

The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division Case Context and Background of the Case The Chattanooga Ice Cream was one of the three divisions of Chattanooga Food Corporation. Since 1992 the sales flattered and profits declined consistently. While US per capita consumption of ice cream diminished, the competition in its market increased considerably. In order to remediate the division’s performance, Chattanooga Ice Cream took several actions which included the promotion of Charles Moore to head of the division in 1993, the hiring of a new vice president of marketing, Barry Walkins, and of Stephanie Krane to upgrade the division’s information systems and control function, the introduction of a line of frozen yogurt and the closing of its original†¦show more content†¦However, in private, they criticized and blame when things were wrong one another. The Head of Division attitude toward this was to ignore such behavior, hoping his senior managers would reconcile their differences and change their attitudes after working as a team for a while. After Moore explained with details the firm decision taken by one their customer to replace Chattanooga Ice Cream’s products for the ones of its competition, the senior managers responded by blaming each other for fall in sales. After being asked for solutions, their responses were either to reduce costs or grow revenues by introducing new products in the market. Both solutions were tried in 1993 with no success. Analysis of the case We can see that the executive team’s recommendations keep in the same line of action even tough when they were not successful in the past. Instead of performing a self assessment of their own department and/or an analysis of the causes that prevented the success of the same type of actions taken by the division in 1993 they keep blaming each other. Without doubt, this team is facing five basic dysfunctions: †¢ Inattention to results: the tendency of team members to seek out individual recognition and attention at the expense of collective results, i.e. the goals of the entire team †¢ Absence of trust: each team member has a big need for invulnerability whichShow MoreRelatedWhere Charlie Moore Goes Wrong in the Chattanooga Ice Cream Division Hbr Case Analysis1196 Words   |  5 PagesLecture2). The first evidence of Charlie’s failure as a leader is when he calls the group together to communicate the news about losing their major customer. The mood is somber as Charlie calls the group together to â€Å"mourn† (Sloane, The Chattanooga Ice Cream Division, HBR, p.1) and to figure out what needs to be done about it. 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