U.s. Relations With Colombia - 1022 Words

Working title Under the government of the President James Monroe in 1822, U.S opened up relations with Colombia; with a strategical interest for both nations. The agreements were based in expanding commercial relations and strengthen amity. However, U.S relations with Colombia took a different turn as a result of a new era Colombia’s civil war and drug trafficking . The interest of improve the foreign policy and the security of both countries; In order to maintain the U.S relations with Colombia, an analysis of the conflict in Colombia has to be made to protect the U.S national interest. Historically, the relations between U.S and Colombia have been marked the foreign policy and the international trade. Nevertheless, the civil war in Colombia have shifted this relation. In Colombia, the establishment of The Revolutionary Forces of Colombia (FARC) and the leftist National Liberation Army (ELN) during the 1960s created the beginning of an era of terrorist and drug trafficking. The FARC beg an forming in 1966 inspired by the Cuban Revolution with a left-wing nationalism and Marxism-Leninism. FARC’s actions trough the history has been involved with terrorist against of the population in Colombia. As well, thousands of peasant farmers that have been obligated to produce illicit drugs in their own properties controlled by the guerrillas. Nowadays, the FARC has been the largest and oldest insurgent group in the Americas. The FARC has been roundly criticized for initiatingShow MoreRelatedEssay on Columbia1712 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica’s War on Drugs Chaos best describes the current state of the Republic of Colombia. Rebelling terrorist groups from within the country threaten to topple Colombia’s actual government. Again and again, Colombia has shown its inability to fight the rebelling terrorists and simultaneously protect its civilians from harm. America has several reasons to intervene, with its military force if necessary, in Colombia. America must be protected against drugs and the countless crimes and social problemsRead MorePanama Foreign Policy Essays796 Words   |  4 Pagespetite country. Democracy has shaped their foreign relations, therefore diplomacy has been the only way in which they dealt with big powers to smaller countries. Panama has developed a friendly, although rational communication with Asia and communist countries, meanwhile having a tight relationship with the West and the other sovereign states. It moves on, puts aside burden of the past and focus to have a wide and in depth relationship with Colombia and Costa Rica, the border countries of the smallRead MoreThe United States and Colombia1578 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States and Colombia have had a long standing relationship through the course of history. There have been trade agreements signed by the two parties; also negotiations have taken part in regard to development strategies on the part of the US to promote the rule of Democracy and it’s institutions in Colombia, where illegal armed forces sought to control many aspects of the country’s development. Aside from trade agreements the United States and Columbia have also had agreements related toRead MoreWhat Was The Failure Of The Peace Process1033 Words   |  5 Pagesmilitary relations. The guerrillas, as previously explained, slowly increased their membership, largely to the credit of the demilitarized zone. The paramilitaries developed during this time as well, actually gaining dominance in coca, oil, and agro-producing regions. This enabled the paramilitaries to gain an upper hand in drugs and arms smuggling. Similarly, government forces were increasing in size and strength, having benefitted from the United States’ newly implemented Plan Colombia. The ColombianRead MoreThe Role of Regional Integration in Promoting Global Business.1157 Words   |  5 Pagescombined for the two countries is estimated at 70 million. â€Å"Most major cities are often located on the coast of either the three main waterways bordering the region- the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The two Andean States of Colombia and Venezuela are located in the northwestern part of the continent. They both are Caribbean-bordering countries. Two independent states and a dependent state are located in the Guiana Highlands. Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, respectively areRead MoreThe War on Drugs1350 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, these developments have also led to the decline of several social and political situations within, as well as outside of, America, such as the amplification of the inequality in the United States and the challenging of the internal peace of Colombia. Drug addiction citizens of US toelichten + wat heeft de drug policy ermee gedaan (algmeen; vooruitgang, achteruitgang / meer of minder drug abuse) Since the 19th century drugs have been present in the United States and what are considered ‘hardRead MoreThe Impact Of Latin American Culture On Latin America1656 Words   |  7 Pagesfor drugs was just in the border of their own country. The easily corrupted officials allowed the drug organizations to achieve excellent networks of transportation and thus reducing costs.† (Feron). The drug trade is one of Latin America’s, mainly Colombia and Mexico, largest contributions to globalization. â€Å"While cocaine, heroin, and marijuana have long figured as primary trafficked products, in the recent past drug trafficking organizations (DTOs) have increased shipments of methamphetamines. YetRead MoreWar On Drugs : A Comparative Analysis Of Human Rights Violation1339 Words   |  6 Pagesthe War on Drugs campaign began there has been a more complex relationship between the U.S and Latin America. While the media portrays the U.S as providing aid to Latin America to comb at such issues, the U.S is also seen as a victim in the war on drugs. Over the course of the war on drugs numerous human rights violations have been reported. In some Latin American countries, such as Mexico and Colombia, the U.S military and economic aid involvement contributes to human rights violations while creatingRead MoreIntroduction Of The Global Economy1147 Words   |  5 PagesStephanie White Professor Greer Introduction to the Global Economy 8 November 2015 Venezuela Venezuela, also known as the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, is located on the northern coast of South America and is bordered by Brazil, Colombia and Guyana. The main language spoken is Spanish, but there are numerous other languages spoken around the cities. In Venezuela, there is no dominant ethnicity. Nationalities can range from Spanish and German to African and Arabic. The major religion is RomanRead MoreColombi The Worst Humanitarian Hotspot2070 Words   |  9 PagesColombia Politically, economically, and culturally, Colombia is known as â€Å"the worst humanitarian hotspot† (nationsonline.org: 2015) and it is because of its association with the drug cartels. Colombia is a northern South American country that emerged from the collapse of Gran Colombia in 1830 when Venezuela and Ecuador also emerged. It is a mountain-like, grassy, and tropical country that possesses natural resources ranging from coal, natural gas, and emeralds. Colombia’s agriculture produces coffee

Ethical Behavior in the Marketplace and How it Relates to the Marketing Concept Free Essay Example, 1250 words

The unethical marketing practice of many companies has been identified during recent years also. For instance, the global fast-food chain McDonald was accused of unethical marketing because the typical burger patty is supposed to contain more fats than any other food. This unhealthy food is marketed by the firm using several appeals and people at large are motivated and tempted to consume the food that is unhealthy. As a result, there were some legal actions also taken against McDonald. A mother of two launched a class-action lawsuit against McDonald's in California in which she claimed that the company attracts the kids towards unhealthy food through their marketing strategy of giving toy with the meal (Olson, 2010). Similarly, American tobacco company Philip Morris is also criticized for unfairly luring American smokers through deceptive marketing practice and manipulated marketing campaigns that totally ignore the harmful effects of smoking upon human health. Due to the unethical marketing practice, the advertising campaign of the company was banned in France (Ziemba, 1996). These examples ascertain that unethical market is being practiced by the companies commonly in different ways where the marketing strategy works to appeal people towards the product while overshadowing its negative effects that is a major violation of the marketing and advertising ethics. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Behavior in the Marketplace and How it Relates to the Marketing Concept or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page

The Moral Value Of Ethics - 1261 Words

Deontology Of the many theories non-consequentialism produces, one is called Deontology. This theory states the only way to complete a moral action is by doing ones duty. In Deontology, the end result is irrelevant meaning bad consequences have no affect on the morality of the action. The thesis I will prove is when deciding on the best course of action the principles of Deontology ethics and their emphasis on considerations of doing ones duty, offer effective framework for the moral value of actions. Immanuel Kant is an influential figure of Deontological Ethics. He proposed three laws called â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† to decide whether an action is ethical or not: 1. Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. (Ibid., 422) 2. â€Å"Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature. (Ibid) 3. â€Å"Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only. (Ibid., 429) (McCormick) These rules apply as though all agents are rational beings. These laws prevent duties to be subjective, inconsistent and irrational. In order for a law to be universal, we must consider the â€Å"Golden Rule†--that is, treat others as you want to be treated. This rule keeps actions in a type of check and balance. As rational agents, we can assume we should not lie to others, as we would not appreciate to be lied to. This alsoShow MoreRelatedMorals, Values, And Ethics1092 Words   |  5 PagesMorals, values, and ethics are conditions which represent a person character, view of their society, and culture. Morals and ethics are two principles that are similar in that it includes how decision are made either good or bad (Remley Herlihy, 2016). As a future, mental health professional, it is essential to have sound judgement when making decisions that will ultimately impact clients. We will review morals, ethics from my perspective. Influence Being raised to have strong faith, courage,Read MorePersonal Morals, Ethics, And Values868 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Morals, Ethics, and Values My own set of moral beliefs have been established over the years through the interactions I have had with family members, friends, and institutions such as schools, church, and work. I grew up in a very large family. My Mom was one of nineteen children, I am the oldest of six. There are at least 100 close family members between aunts, uncles, cousins, second-cousins who all grew up with in the same small coal-mining town of Plymouth, Pa. My set of moral valuesRead MoreThe Moral Ethics And Value Of A Person1513 Words   |  7 Pagesirrational in their decision making despite of their own diet research not being accurate enough to treat ALD. Virtue Oriented Theory The moral ethics and value of a person and his or her character is the emphasis of virtue oriented theory. It focuses on moral character of an individual. As Edge Groves stated (2006), the behavior of an individual with certain moral characteristics will play itself out in doing what is right in the end. For example, if a person has always been conscience of beingRead MoreMorals, Values, and Ethics Essays478 Words   |  2 PagesMorals, Values, and Ethics Morals, values and ethics define who we are and what we believe. Culture, religion, and many other things affect our beliefs. One uses various types off ethics when surrounded by different groups. Knowing between right and wrong is a good foundation to practicing good ethics and morals. These things make morals, ethics, and values important in society. Many things can contribute to what you think is morally right or wrong. Religion, for example, may create a barrierRead MoreEthics And Moral Properties And Values1193 Words   |  5 Pagescontrol whether they blush or not (Devon, 2016). Emotions, like attitudes, help define and express a person during different unique situations. Ethics are the concept of behaviors depicted to be right and wrong. There are three areas covering ethics as a whole. The first division of ethics is metaethics which researches the foundations of moral properties and values. Two other important topics falling under metaethics are egoism, and altruism. Most actions by individuals are considered selfish even ifRead MoreMoral Ethics And Values Based Dilemmas871 Words   |  4 PagesMoral ethics and values-based dilemmas are ethical principles that difficult to handle at a workplace when employees have to choose what is wrong and right according to their own ethics. An effective ethics program must complement the values of the organization along with the values in the law. Good ethical behavior for any business is always a fundamental to its success. The main key for business owners and managements is to ensure all employees understand all the ethics. This paper discusses howRead MoreEthics and Moral Values in Professional Context1719 Words   |  7 PagesPROFESSIONAL ETHICS AND MORAL VALUES SHALABH KULSHRESHTHA FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, DAYALBAGH EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTE Direct_2_shalabh@yahoo.com INTRODUCTION Ethics, also called MORAL PHILOSOPHY, the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles. How should we live? Shall we aim at happiness or at knowledge, virtue, or the creation of beautiful objectsRead MoreMy Values, Morals and Ethics Essay976 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Ethics? In Webster dictionary website define ethic is an area of study that deals with ideas about what is good and bad behavior: a branch of philosophy dealing with what is morally right or wrong. We have ethical training in the military to create a universal standard of behavior because morals are so variable and linked to religious belief. They cannot tell people what religious behaviors to have but they can create a universal ethical guidance. Many people might think of ethic is commonRead MoreEthics : A Theory Or System Of Moral Values Essay1987 Words   |  8 PagesEthics Ethics is a topic that is brought up regularly, especially when it comes to the business world. In business it is imperative that you have a strong ethical conviction, otherwise it can be very easy to cross lines that you can’t come back from. There are countless examples of how businesses turn out when they employ people with strong ethics, and contrary to that you can see what happens when employees of a company show poor ethics. Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines ethics as â€Å"a set of moralRead MoreFaith, Morals, Ethics And Cultural Values1077 Words   |  5 PagesStories have great power to shape, inform and transform our lives. Through stories important traditions, morals, ethics and cultural values are passed down from generation to generation. In the same way the Bible is the story of God that has the power to transform our lives. The captivating and transforming power of story in preaching forms the foundation of Dan Boone s Preaching the Story that Shapes Us. Dr . Boone shares why he believes that narrative preaching is the best way to preach the story

Characteristics Of A High Quality Program - 1203 Words

When researching early childhood programs, it’s important to look for characteristics of a high quality program. Components and characteristics of a high-quality program include, but are not limited to: a curriculum that is developmentally appropriate; teachers with adequate training; a safe environment; small group size and low adult to child ratios; and communication between parents and teachers (Schuyler Center for Analysis and Advocacy, 2012). Developmentally appropriate curriculum means using knowledge about child development to create a program that is suitable for the age and stage of development of the group of children you are teaching. At the same time, your program considers the needs of each individual child† (â€Å"Developmentally†¦show more content†¦Rooms should be organized for the safety and supervision of all children. Materials that are age-appropriate should be safe, and accessible to the children. Adequate staff must be available to meet an d ensure that all needs are met appropriately. High-quality programs should accommodate for indoor and outdoor play, and space for active and quiet play. Activities should allow for gross motor development, and provide safe surfaces for the children in case of falls or accidents. To meet the needs for emotional safety, staff should be understanding to the anxiety felt by both child and parent after separation, and help to ease this anxiety. Consistent schedules and clear expectations of staff and an age-appropriate environment will help to settle the child into the program, and provide a feeling of safety. The National Association for the Education of Young Children (NAEYC) has described a high-quality program as providing a â€Å"safe, nurturing environment that promotes the physical, social, emotional and cognitive development of young children while responding to the needs of families.† Early childhood education and interventions have various benefits for children. Experimental evidence has proven that program intensity matters, and that early intervention home-visit programs support cognitive development benefits with an intensity level of three visits per week (Powell Grantham-McGregor, 1989; Ramey Ramey, 1998). In one study in particular, it was

Dreams and Intuition free essay sample

This paper is about the effect that dreams have on us as individuals and how intuition can be tapped into by using our dreams as tools, through a review of Frances Vaughns Awakening Intuition. Can dreams help us be more creative and intuitive in our lives? This paper is a quest for more answers on this subject. It asks questions like: How do dreams that we receive when we are asleep help us in our waking lives? If we tap into these dreams and allow ourselves to be completely open to whatever may come we might just open up to pure insight and intuition. The paper also includes expert opinions on the subject. According to Frances Vaughn author of Awakening Intuition , Carl Jung believed that dream content did not necessarily conceal or disguise psychological truth, but actually revealed it. Jung felt that dreams could reveal hidden conflict or problems, or point the way to an unrecognized possibility of future development. We will write a custom essay sample on Dreams and Intuition or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Vaughn, 1979). I believe this to be true because I feel that all dreams are creative and that dreams are our most intuitive resource for understanding and unfolding the mind. Many people work out business deals in their sleep. Many others such as painters, sculptors and musicians etc can create artwork while sleeping. And some can even go to bed with their problems and after waking up they realize the problems have been solved while they were sleeping. I would like learn to do this by becoming more open to my own intuition. This sounds like a positive way of growing, a way to self-discovery, and a path to higher learning, and self-growth.

Development Trend Of Management Accounting -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Development Trend Of Management Accounting? Answer: Introduction The organizational and the present statutory requirements that the management of the firm should consider is a strategic plan for achieving the business plan effectively. This can be achieved by decreasing the gross profit by 1% so that the firm incurs a stable revenue in spite of the trading period being tough. $70,000 has also been added to the advertising budget for the achievement of the larger market sector. Moreover, the wages and salaries apportioned for the firm have been increased by an amount of $172,500. The statutory requirements include the superannuation to be of a 9% of wages and salaries. The payroll tax is 4.75% of wages and salaries. The workers compensation accounts for 2% of wages and salaries. The company tax is 30%. Luxury Car tax, Payroll tax, Fringe Benefits tax and GST are the tax related liabilities of VTI Homecare Pty Ltd. The compliance requirements for VTI Homecare Pty Ltd under the Corporations Act 2001has been that there should be a defined code for governing the conduct of the employees and a suitable structure regards to corporate governance. The financial reporting to ASIC should be processed in such a way that it reflects the true and fair view of the company. The audit of the financial statements should also be carried out annually in order to adhere to the requirements of the Corporations Act, 2001. Moreover, the VTI Homecare Pty Ltd should also arrange for a board of directors[1]. The sustainability and the effectiveness of the accounting software, MYOB can be obtained from the facilitation of widening of the visibility scope and business performance. The simplification of the complicated business activities and the acceleration of the speed of the business operations by the further simplification of the management structure is facilitated by the accounting software, MYOB[2]. The other accounting software that are commercially available are Xero and FreshBooks. These accounting software have been the primary competitor of MYOB. FreshBooks has been the mostly used accounting software by the small business owners. This particular accounting software can be utilized on any device like android, iPhone, iPad or Mac. The cost of installation of FreshBooks is generally high. Xero is the accounting software that is primarily designed to suit any business irrespective of the nature of business conducted by the business firm. The facilities offered by Xero are a simplified setup process, clarified recording of the transactions, a proper overview into the current financial health of business and other associated benefits. The only disadvantage provided by this particular accounting software is that the small business owners cannot afford it[3]. The matching principle can be applied by recording the income along with the relevant expenditure for the purpose of ascertaining the profit. The account group indicates the summary of accounts that has been grouped in terms with the specified criteria and can be referred to while the budgets are prepared. It is always recommended to prepare the budgets on the basis of a specific time-period. This is because the budget prepared for a specified time period results in more accurate forecasts. The implication of probity results in the financial probity. The insurance of the management in regards to the funds is facilitated by the financial probity along with the agreement with the fact that the legal obligations have been met. The advertisement expenses have been reduced in the first quarter of the financial year of 2016-17. The salary and wages have been increased in the first quarter of the financial year of 2016-17 and the gross profit have been reduced by 1%. The items that can be included in the budgets for VTI Homeware Pty Ltd are transportation, staff amenities and office expenses. he internal controls that should be implemented in the organization for functioning the smooth operation of business is segregation of duties. The sales budget has been prepared by gathering the relevant information. The most important outcome that has come up with the preparation of the sales budget is that the revenue in regards to the sale of bedroom decorative has increased from $848,562 to $1,018,274. This reflects the demand for bedroom decorative in the market. This budget reveals the total amount of GST to be paid is $406,905 The financial probity in regards to the preparation of the budget has been that all the financial transactions in regards to the debtors have been financially recognized and legally met. The variances have generally occurred in regards to the expenses. This can be assumed as a result of the faulty accounting information system that has recorded the mistaken value of the transactions. However, the other reasons might be the elevation in the price of the raw materials or price level due to the inflation in the economy[4]. The financial performance of the firm has not been well. The margin in regards to the gross profit margin has decreased. The management of the firm should take enough initiative by boosting the sales activities of the firm by rigorous advertising campaigns and other promotional activities. Internal controls like the segregation of duties should be implemented while utilizing the accounting software[5]. The particular recommendation in regards to the specified case is that the management should consider restructuring the entire sales process. The marketing strategies implemented by the organization should be reviewed and improved. Moreover, the internal controls should be qualitatively improved [6]. The primary issue with the selected firm, VTI Homeware Pty Ltd has been that the accounting software utilized in the firm is faulty. Thus, it is highly recommended that the firm considers the installation of a new accounting software. The management should also consider the innovation of the products in order to derive increased sales revenue. The internal controls existing in the organization should also be reviewed and modified and new controls should be implemented in order to make the implemented strategy, a success[7]. References Amirul SM, Mail R, Bakar MA, Ripain N. Information Technology Knowledge and Skills for Accounting Graduates: An Insight from Public Accounting Firms. Indian Journal of Science and Technology. 2017 Mar 20;10(12). Aziz MA, Ab Rahman H, Alam MM, Said J. Enhancement of the accountability of public sectors through integrity system, internal control system and leadership practices: A review study. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2015 Jan 1;28:163-9. Balsam S, Jiang W, Lu B. Equity incentives and internal control weaknesses. Contemporary Accounting Research. 2014 Mar 1;31(1):178-201. Boulianne E. Impact of accounting software utilization on students' knowledge acquisition: An important change in accounting education. Journal of Accounting Organizational Change. 2014 Feb 25;10(1):22-48. DeFond ML, Lennox CS. Do PCAOB inspections improve the quality of internal control audits?. Journal of Accounting Research. 2017 Jun 1;55(3):591-627. Dimitriu O, Matei M. Cloud accounting: a new business model in a challenging context. Procedia Economics and Finance. 2015 Jan 1;32:665-71. Drew J. Accounting firms moving slowly toward cloud. Journal of Accountancy. 2015 Mar 1;219(3):44. Ge W, Li Z, Liu Q, McVay S. The effect of internal control on corporate corruption: Evidence from China. National Natural Science Foundation of China Project. 2014 Nov 4(71332008). Hooghiemstra R, Hermes N, Emanuels J. National culture and internal control disclosures: A cross?country analysis. Corporate Governance: An International Review. 2015 Jul 1;23(4):357-77. Islam K, CH AR, Bilal AR, Ilyas MU. Accounting Information Systems: Traditions and Future Directions (By Using AIS in Traditional Organizations). The Journal of Internet Banking and Commerce. 2017 Jul 27;22(2):1-3. Kelly M. Best Business Accounting: Quickbooks51 Reasons Why. Kowalewski M, Niedzielska J. A Study of the Financial Accounting Software Used by Small Enterprises in Olsztyn. Olsztyn Economic Journal. 2015(10 (3)):233-45. Machado M. Management accounting software and accounting practices: empirical study on SME enterprises. WSEAS Transactions on Business and Economics. 2016(1):94-103. Newton NJ, Persellin JS, Wang D, Wilkins MS. Internal control opinion shopping and audit market competition. The Accounting Review. 2015 May;91(2):603-23. Quinn M, Kristandl G. Business information systems for accounting students. Pearson Education Ltd.; 2014 Apr 3. Rahman MM, Elahi T, Gupta S, Rahman I. Assessment of Accounting Software Practices in Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) of Bangladesh: A Survey of Barrier and Adoption (Dhaka City). Sampaio D, Bernardino J. Open source accounting software for SMEs. International Journal of Business Information Systems. 2016;23(3):287-306. Tuzarov S, Mejzlk L. The IFRS Assessment by Publicly Traded Companies. InThe Impact of Globalization on International Finance and Accounting 2018 (pp. 341-346). Springer, Cham. Zhou Z. 90. Framework and Development Trend of Management Accounting Information SystemBased on the Empirical Analysis of Guangju Energy Chemical Listed Companies. Boletn Tcnico, ISSN: 0376-723X. 2017 Oct 6;55(9). Zimmerman J, Libby DV. BASIC BOOKKEEPING AND ACCOUNTING FOR THE PRIVATE PRACTITIONER. Handbook of Private Practice: Keys to Success for Mental Health Practitioners. 2017 Mar 13.

Evaluation of Financial Condition of Next Plc

Question: Discuss about the Evaluation of Financial Condition of Next Plc. Answer: Introduction: The Company Next Plc is retail marketing company in United Kingdom. The company deals with clothing, shoes and accessories of women, men and children. The company had opened its first store in the year 1982. The store contains an exclusive collection of clothing, accessories and other things for women. The Company Next now operates in almost 40 countries across the World. The clothes and accessories of the Company are designed by their in house team that has made a rapid success in their business (Pharoah and Walker 2015.). The research work is to evaluate the performance of the Company over the last few years. The Company has introduced new features such as online marketing and internet Book for shopping in the year 1999. The Company has shown a rapid growth in sales and marketing since then (Dunis et al. 2017). The profit figures of the company have shown an upward trend over the years. The main competitors of the Company are Sainsbury, Tesco which also trades in retail marketing. The asset liabilities of these companies are to be checked in this research to identify the liquidity position of the business (Maynard 2013). A comparative study of the share prices of these companies, profit figures of these companies has been studied using ratio analysis. Research aim and objective: The research has been conducted the study to know about the financial position of the company Next Plc from 2010 to 2015. The main aim of the research is to know about the financial stability of the Company Next Plc. The research also aims at depicting the significance and the financial techniques that can be used by the investors to get knowledge about the financial condition of the Company (Singh 2014). The research also compares the financial condition of the Company with other companies such as Sainsbury, Tesco Plc and others. This research will also help the share holders and investors of the Company to get an idea about the financial condition of the Company and to decide whether to invest in this Company. Research Objective: The main objectives in this research work are: To determine the financial position of the Company Next Plc. To determine how relevant are the financial technique that are used to determine the financial position of the Company. To give a clear idea about the financial position of the Company that will help the investors to understand the current situation of the Company. To find out some recommended measures that will eradicate the financial problems in the Company. Research questions: The main research questions used for the research study are as follows: What is the current financial position of the Company Next Plc.? What are the changes in the financial condition of the Company Next Plc. Over the last few years? How is the Company Next Plc. Performing over the years with regards to their financial position? What can be said about the financial stability of the Company Next Plc.? What is relative change in the ratio over the years? Background issues related to the research: The Company Next Plc. is an online retail Company that trades in clothing. The Company has started in the year 1982. The Company now has almost 500 stores in the country United Kingdom and 200 stores across 40 different countries over the globe. The company is one of the leading retail trading Company in United Kingdom. The Company is one of the chief competitors of the Company Sainsbury and Tesco. The company Sainsbury mainly trades in food and non food retail products. The Company Tesco is also a retail products Company that trades in variety of goods. Despite these two Companies, the Company Next Plc. Has established itself as one of the leading company in United Kingdom. The Financial position of the Company, the assets, liabilities of the Company and the share price of the Company needs to be studied based on the financial report of the Company. The various ratios like profit ratio, quick ratio and others has been calculated that will give a idea about the current financial posi tion of the Company. Justification for the research: The research work has been conducted to know about the current financial position of the Company Next Plc. The research will analyze the financial growth of the Company. The research will also compare the growth of the Company with its competitors. The research will help the investors of the company to take financial decision about investing in the Company. Business Discipline and academic area that relate to the research: The financial condition of the company is being used in this research area. The background study says that the company Next Plc. has captured the retail market within a short span of time. The profit figures of the Company have shown an increasing trend. The financial condition of the country is being analyzed in this report. The reasons for the success of the company have also been discussed in this research work. The Company Next is a listed Company in the London Stock Exchange. The company is actually a British multinational clothing Company that trades in Foot3wares, accessories, clothing and other commodities. Te Company has its headquarters in Enderby, Leicestershire. The Company is mostly based in United Kingdom. More than 500 stores of the Company are located in United Kingdom and Ireland. There are almost 200 stores located all over Europe as well as in Asia, Europe and Middle East (Sethi, Martell and Demir 2015). The Company Next Plc has over taken the Company Marks Spencers. The early history of the Company dates back to 1864 which was founded by Joseph Hepworth as a tailor. The Company has flourished its business over the years and employs almost 50000 employees. The profit of the Company has been estimated to be 634.9 million (Munteanu 2015). The Company Next Plc has shown a rapid increase in the sales over the years. The financial report of the company states that the operating profit of retail has increased by 4.8% from the year 2015. The sales of the Company have increased by 1.1%. The net trading space that is the area of the stores has not increased as such. The new states have opened at many places while there is a closure of the old stores. The net trading area for retail stores is 275000 square feet in the year 2016. The Company has a goal to increase this space to 35000 square feet in the year 201. The overseas sales of the Company have also increased by 6.5%. The Company has also launched a mobile phone app and an iPad app for its customer. The iPad app gives a better view of the product of the customers. With the help of the mobile phone app the customer can get a better view of the product. The pages of the app site are like the pages of the catalogue. The Company however has kept its catalogue as most of the customers of the company are used to shop with the help of the catalogue (Datta, Gopalakrishna-Remani and Bozan 2015). The Company operates its sales activities through three different platforms. The first is through the retail stores. There are almost 500 retail stores located in United Kingdom and other European countries. There is also another method of home shopping. The Company publishes a home shopping catalogue through which the customers can do home shopping. The company gets almost 3 million customers through this home shopping catalogue (Maynard 2013). There also International stores through which the Company gets International customers. The revenue growth of the Company has increased from 2013 to the year 2014. The growth rate of the Company Tesco has shown a negative growth. The Next Plc. on the other hand has shown a rapid growth in the sales figures and in the profit as well (Teodor, Maria and Bogdan 2015). The Company Sainsbury is also a retail trading company. This company is also a major competitor of Next Plc. According to some recent study, the profits of the grocery giant Company Siansbury has declined. The sales of the Company have been decreased by 1.1% in the year 2016. The share price of the company has also decreased by 4% in the current year. All these has contributed to the growth of the Company Next Plc. The sales of Next have also decreased from February to April in the year 2016. The sales of the Company have decreased by 0.9%. The Company however has expected that the sales of the Company will remain in between a fall of 3.5% and a rise of 3.5%. The retail sector is a place of great up down in market trends. The share price of the Company grows or falls to great extent. This creates great problems to the investors of the business. For example, the share price of the company Tesco has declined by 49% while for Sainsbury; there is a decrease of 27% in the share price. Thi s financial report also aims to give an idea about the future sales of the Company Next Plc. from the previous years sales figures (Schmidlin 2014). The financial performance of the company refers to the use of assets to generate the revenue of the Company. In order to make decisions about the financial condition of the company, the ratio analysis of the company needs to be done (Sethi, Martell and Demir 2015). The income statement o the Company needs to be studied in this respect. The return on equity, net profit margin of the companies also needs to be studied. The shareholders equity of the Company gives an idea about the financial condition of the Company (Coulson and OSullivan 2014). The competitor companys financial condition also needs to be studied to get a clear idea about the current financial position of the Company. The Company Tesco is a chief competitor of the Company Next Plc. The analysis of the financial statement of the two companys states that both the companies are top listed in the London Stock Exchange. The company Tesco has declined in the market in the past few years. The company revenue growth of the comp any Tesco has decreased over the last four years (Schrmann 2016). The Company Next however has given a high performance in the market. The profit figures were high for a considerable period of time. There a lot of factors that has contributed to the growth of the Company (Schmidlin 2014). One of them is the changing consumer behavior in the retail market. The popularity of online shopping has made the customers to shift from ordinary method of shopping to the use of internets for shopping. The profit of the company has risen by 10.9%. The online shopping has been introduced by the Company in the year 1999. This has led to the span of their business across 70 countries outside United Kingdom (Johal, Vickerstaff and McAuliffe 2014). The Company has also adopted many new methods of business such as home delivery, next day delivery and others. The retailer allows the customers to collect and return clothes at any of the stores located across the country. The Company has focused more on their customer services to give a better quality of service (Evans 2013). There is an in-house delivery service provided by the company to deliver the large items directly to the customers home in the weekends. The customers can also order at any time and check the payments in their accounts. This gives a clear idea about the transactions (Tsegba and Upaa 2015). The Company has also taken care of its corporate social responsibilities. The corporate social responsibility in this firm is mainly concerned with the ethical and environmental issues related to the business. The Company uses the policy of Corporate social responsibilities. However, the corporate social responsibilities are not visible as such. According to Haddock and Rigby (2015), the financial performance of the company Tesco has been declined over the few years. The report analyses the four years financial data from the year 2011 to 2015. The report also tries to find out the main cause of the decline in trade of the company. The lower performance has been mainly due to the competition from other retail companies. The report also states that the change of the directors of the company and lack of proper leader has led to the decline of the company. The research also gives an idea about the possible measures for the recovery of the current situation of the company. The company has recovered a great deal by adopting several measures after the financial crisis. According to Nalwaya and Vyas, the merger and acquisitions on the financial performance of a company has to be studied to get an idea about the financial performance of the business of a company. The two companies Hutch and Vodafone are chosen for the purpose of the study. The data collected for the study is secondary data. The data are collected from the financial report of the companies. The quick ratio, gross profit ratio, net profit ratio, return on investment, earnings per share, debt equity ratio has been calculated for the study. The comparison of these ratios has been done with the help of paired sample t-tests. The 95% confidence interval has also been calculated for the research work. The study reveals that the earnings growth has increased after the merging of the two companies. According to Haddock and Rigby (2015), the performance of any company is greatly affected by the financial condition of the company. The report aims to analyze the financial performance of the life insurance companies of India. The financial ratios have been calculated for this study. The financial performance depends on various parameters. The liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, profitability of the firms is being calculated for this purpose. 18 Indian life Insurance companies have been chosen for this purpose. A linear regression model has also been fitted for this study. The regression has been conducted to see if the factors have any influence on the profitability of the life insurance companies. The results of the study reveal that the liquidity and size has a positive influence on the life insurance company while the capital has a negative impact on the life insurance companies. The previous literatures give an idea about how the research can be carried out. The research question in this research work is to determine the financial condition of the company Next Plc. The literatures are mainly theoretical research. This research study is based on the financial performance of the company. The first research is not so helpful for the study. The second research gives a lot of idea for performing the research work. The third research wok also gives the proper ideas about how to conduct the research work. The research question can be answered with the help of the various ratios like quick ratio, liquidity ratio, solvency ratio, profitability of the firms and others that has been conducted for the study. References: Bawa, S.K. and Chattha, S., 2013. Financial performance of life insurers in Indian insurance industry.Pacific Business Review International,6(5), pp.44-52. Coulson, A. and OSullivan, N., 2014. Environmental and Social Assessment in Finance.Sustainability Accounting and Accountability, pp.124-140. Coulson, A. and OSullivan, N., 2014. Environmental and Social Assessment in Finance.Sustainability Accounting and Accountability, pp.124-140 Datta, P., Gopalakrishna-Remani, V. and Bozan, K., 2015. The impact of sustainable governance and practices on business performance: an empirical investigation of global firms.International Journal of Sustainable Society,7(2), pp.97-120. Dunis, C.L., Middleton, P.W., Karathanasopolous, A. and Theofilatos, K.A. eds., 2017.Artificial Intelligence in Financial Markets: Cutting Edge Applications for Risk Management, Portfolio Optimization and Economics. Springer. Evans, R., 2013. Accounting for ethics: Traidcraft plc, UK.Building Corporate Accountability: Emerging Pr1actice in Social and Ethical Accounting and Auditing, p.84. Haddock-Millar, J. and Rigby, C., 2015. Business Strategy and the Environment: Tesco PlcS Declining Financial Performance and Underlying Issues.Review of Business Finance Studies,6(3), pp.91-103. Johal, P., Vickerstaff, B. and McAuliffe, E., 2014.Unlocking Financial Accounting. Routledge. Maynard, J., 2013.Financial accounting, reporting, and analysis. Oxford University Press. Maynard, J., 2013.Financial accounting, reporting, and analysis. Oxford University Press. Munteanu, S.M., 2015. Corporate Support for Sport and Organisational Performance. Case Study for Companies in Romania.Revista de Management Comparat International,16(1), p.101. Nalwaya, N. and Vyas, R., 2014. Merger and Acquisition in the Telecom Industry: An Analysis of Financial Performance of Vodafone Plc and Hutchison Essar.Journal of Marketing Communication,9(3), pp.67-73. Pharoah, C. and Walker, C., 2015. The Values of Corporate Giving. Schmidlin, N., 2014.The Art of Company Valuation and Financial Statement Analysis: A Value Investor's Guide with Real-life Case Studies. John Wiley Sons. Schmidlin, N., 2014.The Art of Company Valuation and Financial Statement Analysis: A Value Investor's Guide with Real-life Case Studies. John Wiley Sons. Schrmann, G., 2016. A Changing Regulatory and Political Environment: What Impact Does it Have on the Analysis of a Financial Institution?. InRating von Finanzinstituten(pp. 105-118). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. Sethi, S.P., Martell, T.F. and Demir, M., 2015. An Evaluation of the Quality of Corporate Social Responsibility Reports by Some of the Worlds Largest Financial Institutions.Journal of Business Ethics, pp.1-19. Singh, N.P., 2014. Verizon acquired Vodafone-Analysis of Market Reaction.Industrija,42(3). Teodor, H.A.D.A., Maria, A.T. and Bogdan, D.I., 2015. Changes and trends arising from the bucharest stock exchange in the need for the analysis of financial instruments at rompetrol well services plc.European journal of business and social sciences,4(09), pp.30-41. Tsegba, I.N. and Upaa, J.U., 2015. Consequences of Financial Statement Fraud: A Developing Country Perspective.International Journal of Business and Management,10(8), p.115.

The Experiences of Chicago Industrial Workers

The author’s main purpose of writing this book was to draw attention to the experiences of Chicago industrial workers during and after the great depression. This book describes how these workers came up with tough survival strategies to endure numerous labor challenges.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Experiences of Chicago Industrial Workers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By doing so, the author demonstrates how a diverse workforce in Chicago harmonized their internal divisions to achieve an effective collective action. As such, the book’s thesis seeks to highlight the importance of unions for industrial workers in Chicago during the 1930s (Cohen 7). Cohen’s book is organized systematically to cover expansively on the experiences of Chicago industrial workers between the years 1910 and 1940. Through this, the author reveals how the powerless workers in the 1910s became politic ally active during the 1930s. A third of this book illustrates the background and labor issues faced by Chicago industrial workers during the early 1920s. In this section, the author illustrates how societies in Chicago were becoming more diversified. Consequently, the author notes that the ethnic leaders were more concerned about their communities losing their ethnic values. In the following chapters, the author majors on the relations between the employers and the employees. Through this section, the author illustrates how powers in the market shifted from employers to employees after the World War I. Cohen attributes this shift in power to the increase in labor demand. Due to an increase in labor demand, employers realized the need to address their employees’ grievances to increase labor turnover and production. In spite of advancement in employees’ compensation, the author notes that the employees’ working conditions remained unaddressed. In the subsequent s ection, the author focuses her attention on depression (Cohen 23). This section illustrates how the demand in the manufactured goods declined progressively leading to job losses. Through this section, Cohen illustrates how gains that had been gained in the first part of the book were lost. Due to these losses, employees retreated to their ethnic groups for solidarity. In the final part of the book, Cohen focuses on how the unions became politically active. Through this section, Cohen suggests that the depression challenges forced the industrial workers to be involved in the national politics. Before the depression, workers’ interests were satisfied at the local level. However, during the great depression their needs could not be addressed at the local level forcing them to be involved in the national politics.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the book, Cohen employs po stmodern theories in illustrating her concepts. Through this approach, Cohen is able to detail the experiences faced by the industrial workers as facts rather than as opinions. In developing the thesis of this book, the author employs her mother and mother-in-law’s experiences in the 1930s as her primary sources. Cohen points that her mother’s political awakening stories of the 1930s motivated her and provided her with numerous insights on Chicago industrial workers. This book can be classified under labor history subcategory. In respect to the course’s subject, Cohen’s book details the development of labor unions in the US before and after the great depression. Through this, Cohen illustrates how the labor unions’ actions during the great depression led to the labor reforms. Although this book provides a comprehensive coverage in industrial workers’ experiences in the 1930s, it provides little information on workers who were not members of the CIO. Equally, the book only details on labor history before the 1940s. Through this, the author failed to illustrate on the progresses of labor unions after the 1930s where most developments were gained. Work Cited Cohen, Lizabeth. Making a new deal: industrial workers in Chicago, 1919-1939. Cambridge [England: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Print. This research paper on The Experiences of Chicago Industrial Workers was written and submitted by user Lacey Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

American Domestic Affairs during WWI essays

American Domestic Affairs during WWI essays American Domestic Affairs during WWI Though the WWI was started in Europe and had to do with European problems and didnt really have to do with America at first, when we got involved it changed our country forever. The war started mainly over a man named Franz Ferdinand who was the archduke of Austria-Hungary. He went to the Serbia, which was an area that everyone wanted to have control of; he was there to see how the people took his presence and to see how easy it would be to take over. Some people here knew this and were not happy, they didnt want him to take over their land. When he went to Sarejaveo these people killed him; Austria-Hungary was outraged but was hesitant to declare war because Russia was Serbias ally. The two major sides were the Triple Antente, which consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy; then there was the Triple Alliance, which consisted of Russia, France and England. Eventually Austria-Hungary did declare war, and then like wildfire the two sides were declaring war against each other until most of Europe was a battlefield. You might ask yourself, what did America have to do with this; the truth is that America was only involved after Germany tried to make Mexico attack us by sending them the Zimmerman Telegraph. This was decoded and sent to us, we were naturally angry and felt it necessary to take action. We got into the war late, but the changes it made in our country were great. Groups of people moved around in our country, names were changed and groups of people were persecuted. Even though the fighting and the reasons the war was called great all happened in Europe, there were considerably large events that happened in America due to the war as well. Propaganda posters were a very useful tool in keeping the American public interested about the war. This was necessary because the civilians didnt see the war because it was thousands of miles away. Most of these posters ...

I believe that students should not have to wear un Essays - Uniforms

I believe that students should not have to wear un Essays - Uniforms I believe that students should not have to wear uniforms. Uniforms take away our individuality. Confidence is much harder to achieve while wearing a uniform. Wearing them can get distracting during the day. Some schools say uniforms make us united as a school, but I don't think they do anything but bother students. Simple rules instead of a uniform could easily be put in place. Instead of having uniforms I believe we should just have simple guidelines as to what we can and can't wear. Part of being in school is learning to become responsible. How is telling us exactly what to wear teaching us responsibility. We should be able to know how we can and cannot dress without having the privilege completely taken away. Following the guidelines would help to make us responsible because when we get ready to have a career, our clothing will most likely not be completely decided for us. We will have to follow guidelines for that particular company. Having guidelines for how we dress will also help teach us to follow simple directions. With different rules in place we can reclaim our individuality. When wearing uniforms, it is a struggle to be an individual. Teachers are always saying how important it is to just be ourselves and not worry about what others might think. Having a uniform takes that away from us, and this may lead students to try to find other ways to be different. They might begin to act out so they stick out from the crowd. Without uniforms we can show everyone who we are through our clothes. Opinions shouldn't be based solely on clothing of course, but clothing is a fun and easy way to show who are. Being different is huge part of being in school and I think we should be able to have the privilege of wearing what we want. It can also give us more confidence. Confidence is a huge part of life especially for teens. Uniforms look different on everyone. Some people may feel they don't look good in their school's uniform. Because of this feeling, they worry all day long about what everyone else is thinking of them. Having confidence can be of great importance. Weather it's a simple project presentation at school or a big job interview, confidence is key. While wearing uniforms, confidence is sometimes a hard thing to accomplish, but this isn't the only distraction of wearing a uniform. Uniforms can be quite distracting during the day because of all the restrictions. During the day you constantly have to worry about having your shirt tucked in and keeping everything according to code. While worrying about tests you are also constantly worrying about getting caught with a uniform violation. After enough uniform violations there will of course be consequences such as a detention. I personally am not always thinking about what I should be, but instead checking my uniform over and over to make sure not to get in trouble. Students have enough stress in their lives; why add more? With so much stress about getting good grades and getting everything done on time, we shouldn't have to deal with the stress of uniforms. Students already have so many things taken away from them during school hours, individuality and confidence shouldn't have to be hidden by uniforms. Having a few dress code guidelines is quite an easy fix to these issues. I believe that students should not have to wear uniforms.

Communicating and the lack thereof in Hemingway’s ‘Hills like White Elephants’“

Communicating and the lack thereof in Hemingway’s ‘Hills like White Elephants’â€Å" "Communicating and the lack thereof in Hemingway's 'Hills like White Elephants'"The short story "Hills like White Elephants" by Ernest Hemingway is a portrayal of a young American couple traveling in Spain. The couple, referred to as the American and the girl, is at a train station waiting for a train to Madrid. They are contemplating whether or not to have a procedure that they refer to only as "the operation" but which is assumed to be an abortion. The man tries to talk the girl into having the operation by promising that it is a simple procedure and that their lives will go back to normal afterwards. The girl, however, who appears to be more aware of the extent of both the operation and the status of their relationship, does not seem convinced of either of the American's arguments. Although the girl is more aware of the severity of the situation, she also appears to be indecisive and unable to communicate what she wants.American Author Ernest Hemingway with then-wife El...In "Hill s like White Elephants," Hemingway explores a theme of communicating through dialogue, gender differences, and setting, as well as highlighting the importance of what isn't said or done.Hemingway's short story "Hills like White Elephants" is a story in which very little action occurs. Actually, the only action that does take place is a few drinks are ordered and brought. Not much dialogue occurs within the story, either. According to Hal Holladay, "as with much of Hemingway's fiction, it is not so much what does happen or is said as what does not happen or is left unsaid that is important" (Holladay 1). There is much left unsaid in this story between the American and the girl.One of the most pronounced symbols in the story...

The Ultimate SAT Essay Study Guide Tips and Review

The Ultimate SAT Essay Study Guide Tips and Review SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips We've written the best guide to the SAT essay available anywhere. To craft this guide, we have carefully read all official material available on the SAT essay from the College Board and read the best SAT books we could find and extracted the most important things you need to know to succeed on the essay section. Based on this research, we're confident that this is the most complete and comprehensive resource available for the SAT essay. This guide gets deep into every aspect of the SAT essay, from the rubric to prompts to the nuts and bolts of how to write a high-scoring essay. You'll learn the best tips and strategies to use to maximize the value of your SAT essay practice as well as how much time to devote to prepping for the essay. If you're looking for a comprehensive guide to SAT essay and how to improve your SAT essay scores, this guide is invaluable. Rather than trying to put all the information we've distilled into one long article, we've created this multi-sectioned guide to serve as a table of contents to each of our more in-depth articles. We'll start by taking a high-level look at the importance of the SAT essay to colleges and which schools care about your SAT essay score. The next section delves into more of the details of the SAT essay prompt and rubric and outlines step-by-step how to write a perfect-scoring SAT essay. Finally, the third part of this guide takes you through tips and strategies to use with the SAT essay. We suggest reading through this guide in order your first time through, as you would any other test prep resource. Alternatively, if you're just looking for a refresher on certain areas, you can use this guide as a reference you can jump around in as needed. What Do Colleges Think About the SAT Essay? Something that makes the SAT essay different from all the other sections of the SAT is its optional nature. The articles in this section will inform you about why colleges don't all require the SAT essay and whether or not it makes sense for you to take the SAT with the essay. Does the SAT Essay Matter? Expert Guide With the changes to the SAT essay, the importance of your SAT essay score to your college applications has grown somewhat murky. Read this article to find out why colleges still require the essay and what kind of effect it has on your college application. Should I Take the SAT Essay? How to Decide There are both positive and negative aspects of taking the SAT essay. This guide goes through different arguments for and against taking the SAT essay and helps you figure out which scenarios apply for you. Which Colleges Require the SAT Essay? Complete List Depending on which colleges you want to apply to, you may not need to take the SAT essay at all. Find out if the schools you're interested in require or recommend you take the SAT essay with this article. Understanding SAT Essay Prompts and the SAT Essay Rubric The next set of articles unpack the SAT essay prompt and the best way to fulfill the requirements of the essay task. You'll learn how to write consistently high-scoring SAT essays and how to preplan examples and explanations to use on the real SAT essay. New SAT Essay Prompts: How Are They Changing? If you're just starting your prep or are unfamiliar with the SAT essay, this article is a great introduction to the essay section. In it, we analyze the difference between the old SAT essay and the current essay for those who took the old SAT and want to see how the new essay differs. This article is also a good summary to come back to if you need a refresher on what the SAT essay asks you to do. SAT Essay Prompts: The Complete List One of the most important ways to improve at writing the SAT essay is to practice with official SAT essay prompts. In this article, you'll find all the free and publicly released official SAT prompts currently available, along with instructions on the best ways to use the prompts in your studying. How to Get a Perfect 8|8|8 SAT Essay Score Excelling on the SAT essay requires understanding the difference between an almost-perfect and a perfect-scoring essay. This article will take you through my complete analysis of a perfect-scoring SAT essay and how to improve your score. You'll learn what to be sure to do and what to avoid when writing and the key areas to focus on for maximal score increase. How to Write an SAT Essay, Step by Step Learn the ins and outs of writing a perfect-scoring SAT essay by following along as we go through the reading, analyzing and planning, writing, and revising stages of a sample essay. You'll get to see the whole process, from scribbled handwritten planning notes to the polished final product. At each step, you'll also discover strategies to enhance your SAT essay writing process. SAT Essay Rubric: Full Analysis and Writing Strategies Dive into the intricacies of SAT essay scoring with this item-by-item look at the SAT essay rubric. You'll learn about what you need to accomplish in your essay to achieve high Reading, Analysis, and Writing scores. Plus, you'll get tips on the best way to use the rubric as part of your SAT essay practice. What's the Average SAT Essay Score? Read this article to get a good idea of how scores are distributed on the SAT essay and how much your scores really matter. The Most Reliable SAT Essay Template and Format On the SAT essay, you'll always be asked to accomplish the same task (explain how the author makes their argument), which makes it possible to plan out your essay's structure ahead of time. This article teaches you how to create your own SAT essay templates for the new SAT. 6 SAT Essay Examples to Answer Every Prompt Every SAT essay requires reading a passage and analyzing how the author constructs her argument. You can't prepare ahead of time by analyzing the exact passage that will be used, but you can familiarize yourself with techniques frequently used to add impact to argumentative essays. Learn how to identify the six persuasive techniques most commonly found in SAT essay prompts and the effect each technique has on the reader with this guide. SAT Essay Strategies and Tips Now you've gotten both a basic understanding of what the SAT essay is and a good grasp of what's required to write the best SAT essay possible. Huge success! The next step is to take that knowledge and understanding and apply it in the most effective ways. To help you with that, we've compiled our top strategies and tips for when to take the SAT essay and how to make your SAT essay practice as efficient as possible. SAT Essay Tips: 15 Ways to Improve Your Score Your time is a limited and valuable resource when it comes to the SAT essay, both in terms of how much time you have to spend prepping and the 50 minutes you get to analyze and write about the prompt on the real SAT. Read this article to find out what tweaks you can make to your essay writing process that will have a large positive impact on your essay score. Does Messy Handwriting Hurt Your SAT Essay Score? Essay graders are trained to read all sorts of handwriting, so it's not likely your essay will be completely thrown out because the graders can't read it. However, even occasionally illegible handwriting can still affect your essay score in negative ways. Find out how messy handwriting might negatively affect your essay score and how to fix the problem in this article. What's Next? There's a lot of information in this guide to digest, but your SAT essay practice shouldn't stop at reading this articles and strategy guides. The best way to prep for the SAT essay is to write timed essays in response to real SAT essay prompts. Before you score your essay on the rubric, be sure to read through our guide to diagnosing your weaknesses and reviewing your mistakes. The article uses examples of multiple choice questions, but the strategies of honing in on your weak spots work equally well for the essay. Above all, stay motivated! And if you liked this guide, don't forget to read our other ultimate SAT prep guides for SAT Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. If you liked this SAT Essay lesson, you'll love our program.Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get your SAT essays hand-graded by a master instructor who will give you customized feedback on how you can improve. We'll also give you a step-by-step program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Check out our 5-day free trial:

Optimum Distribution - Internet Based Socialization Essay

Optimum Distribution - Internet Based Socialization - Essay Example A recent question came to mind in which I asked myself, what all I could do if I was given five thousand dollars to invest. It was really confusing to me to choose the best from the variety of options around me. Profit is a beautiful imagination about every venture, but my concern is all about the orientation of socially organized activities basically meant for the betterment of classified members of the society. In case I had that amount to spend, I would spend it on a project that long cherished in my mind – a social networking system for the differently-abled children of special education schools that are deprived of socializing. â€Å"Socialization enables children to learn what they need to know in order to be integrated into the society in which they live† (Berns, 39). The major implication of this project will be around the mainstreaming of most of the uncared schools privately managed by individuals which are partially aided by non-profit organizations. My propo sal is maintaining a virtual socialization spectrum for the children, which gives them exposure to the world of internet and allied amenities of the present world. In order to meet this purpose, I would regularly meet affluent philanthropists for over six months of time and explain them everything about my plan. The plan would include the development of software with the help of computer professionals for social interaction with all the charitable organizations and the creamy layer members of the society among doctors, contractors or businessmen. This software would be introduced to all major websites and social networking sites through regular advertisements. In the meantime, I would arrange a team of special school education to take sample surveys of requirements of the target groups in various cultures and living standards. The focus would be given to the variables like their age, physical standards, areas of interest and degree of disability.  Based on the information of the surveys, I would design special windows for gaming, chatting and other activities of interaction in the software.     Ã‚  

Public Education is Killing the Creativity Essay - 3

Public Education is Killing the Creativity - Essay Example The main objective of developing an education system was not to nurture the talent and skills in people but rather to equip them with certain skills that would help bring up a pool of knowledgeable personnel to act as the labor force in the industries that were booming at the time. This ideology did not change even when the industrial era was over; since education kept on being passed like a culture and the old ideologies became perpetual through the time to the present as the same principles can be seen applicable to date (Robinson, 2011). Therefore, the idea of people being different with variable skills was not taken into consideration as a whole, because the educational idea focused only on developing academicians and not artists. It is at this juncture that interpersonal skills and talents that are embedded in various personalities were killed and buried as the educational system had no place for them. In essence, if one was not doing well in formal education he/she was readily regarded as a good for nothing as they would not provide any material well to the skilled workforce that was in need at the time (Robinson, 2011). However, these principles have slightly changed over time to incorporate co-curriculum activities among the courses offered in the formal education syllabus but the art related subjects have little or no significance when it comes to the overall grading of the students. For instance, students who are good in subjects like mathematics and the sciences but poor in art and music are regarded brilliant and intelligent as opposed to those who are good in arts but weak in core subjects hence often regarding them as academic failures. Therefore, the ideal of over-emphasizing certain subjects over the others kills the morale of those that are good in the areas that are not strongly emphasized in the academic programme (Robinson, 2011).

Boots-PLC Financial Report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Boots-PLC Financial Report - Case Study Example 53). The net profit was 501.7 m in 2005 and 550.1 m in 2004 (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 46). The net profit margin has changed from 0.103 (2004) to 0.092 (2005). The following graph supports the information on the changes of group turnover, net profit, and net profit margin throughout the last 5 years. It is important to notice that while the group turnover is increasing (more goods are sold), the net profit are decreasing (non-operating costs are rising), and the profitability of the company is falling. Nevertheless it is high enough in compare with the main competitors: Alliance UniChem had the same net profit margin of 0.022 over two years (Alliance UniChem Key Financial Data, 2005); and J Sainsbury has decreased its net profit margin from 0.031 in 2004 to 0.020 in 2005 (J Sainsbury Financials, 2005). More detailed comparison is available in Appendix 1. Current assets of Boots PLC in 2005 were 1575.8 m, while the current liabilities were 1074.1 m (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 47). Therefore current liquidity ratio for 2005 is 1.47, which means that a company can meet its short-term obligations without serious troubles. The current liquidity ratio for the year 2004 was 1.52, which means the ratio of current assets to current liabilities has decreased - definitely, not a good sign for the company. Looking at the cash flow statement of the Boots PLC one can see that cash inflow from operating activities has significantly decreased from 637.8 m in 2004 to 514.7 m in 2005 (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 48) due to lower operating profit and larger increase in working capital. Still the main cash inflow comes from operating, which is a sign of financial health of a company. Also the company has increased its debt significantly by 668 m (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 64) returning funds to shareholders to make the balance sheet more efficient. Therefore overall closing net debt in 2005 was 594.1 m comparatively to 148.5 m in 2004 (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 48). Long-term debt/equity ratio=long-term debt/shareholders' equity Long-term liabilities of Boots PLC are 588.7 m (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 47). Equity shareholder's funds are equal to 1,609.4 m (Boots Group PLC Annual Report 2005, p. 47). Therefore debt-to-equity ratio is 0.37, which is a low number indicating that a capital structure of a company can be shifted more towards using debt. The high liquidity ratio shows that it is possible to use debt furthermore. 1b. Currently the company's use of retained earnings for financing its operations is low in compare to its use of debt. Nevertheless, high liquidity allows further use debt for financing. The capital structure of Boots PLC is not optimal; the company should take the opportunity of increasing its debt for financing. The other ways of financing operations of Boots PLC can be achieved through the use common or premium stock. 2a. I. 'Dividends

Philosophy- Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophy- Business Ethics - Essay Example of the business is to protect the environment than a business shall be held accountable on ethical, moral as well as legal grounds however, if this is not the case, an organization shall only be bound by the violation of laws rather than violation of its implicit responsibilities. The businesses are only responsible to the extent of the law and it is the responsibility of an organization to follow the law in its true spirit however, externalities can result into significant deviation in the roles and responsibilities of the organizations. Bowie’s arguments are convincing due to the fact that there is an implicit difference between a consumer and a citizen. Segoff’s distinction between a consumer and a citizen is largely based on the ability of each to derive the value and is correlated with the preferences of both. However, Bowie does not make this distinction because a consumer and a citizen are considered as both the mass consumers of the goods and services produced by the organization. The distinction made by Segoff is firmly based on the assumption that an individual at one point in time can be a consumer as well as a supporter of the environment also. This potentially overlapping role of a consumer and a citizen therefore results into the i nstitutional change which can ultimately force the authorities and government to pass laws which can protect the environment and redefine the role of organization with the external world. Bowie’s ideas are however slightly different because of the distinction made between the legal and ethical responsibilities of the organization. Further, Bowie also attempted to define the role of organization from the perspective of its core competencies i.e. if an organization’s role is to protect the environment than any violations shall be the moral as well as legal responsibility of the organization however, if it is not than an organization shall not morally and ethically held accountable. What is also important to consider

Response ro 4 students with no more than 60 words; Place 2 referencess Assignment

Response ro 4 students with no more than 60 words; Place 2 referencess for each student's response and indicate which student responded to before each response - Assignment Example The dissertation prospect covers effectively the role of NCR in planning and responding to disasters such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Disasters outcome are such as negative impact on economic, political and security in a nation, and deaths of citizens. Marilyn’s prospect is not diversified various intergovernmental collaboration. Eller, W. S., & Gerber, B. J. (2010). Contemplating the role of precision and range in homeland security policy analysis: A Response to Mueller. Policy Studies Journal, 38(1), 23-39. doi:10.1111/j.1541-0072.2009.00342.x Alade’s dissertation focuses on the development of new nations in the West Africa. The prospect agrees with the bases formulated by the authors on why the West African region has no unity. The issues hindering the realization are not presented effectively as indicated by the authors focusing on political unification of the West Africa countries, which according to Lavergne 1997, are located at a fragmented and marginalized region. Psychological mental illnesses possess a great danger to individuals around the victim. The prospect agrees with the authors, Diamond and Stephen 2007 in that, mental illness cause aggression to victims. The various methodology used are effective because they relate to the forensic psychologist responsible for studying people’s minds and behavior changes. Abnormal human behavior indicates mental illness that increase terrorism acts in a state (Poland, James

Rational Thought and Technological Advancement Essay Example for Free

Rational Thought and Technological Advancement Essay 1 The notion of rational thought is a very strong reason technology has become so influential in the world today. The opening of the mind influenced all ways of life and society. Major ideas blossomed like politics, governing laws, literature, art, history, and new inventions. Scientific thinking was groundbreaking. Ideas of mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and anatomy engrossed the public. The revolution of rational thought dominated society and began a transition because people began using reason to explain human and natural events, rather than the gods. Many Philosophers with their rational thought put things in motion for people to begin to question what influenced their lives in the time of Enlightenment and the French Revolution. Rational thinking gave birth to new inventors to include Hero or Heron of Alexandria. It also made its impact on the way inventions would work throughout history into modern times. Three major contributors to the theory of rational thought were Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. With their search for more knowledge came newer teaching for others, which began a new revolution of education. People were questioning the major factors that ran their lives. The rights people were questioning were their choice of religion, their social standing, and their government and laws. Within these times new governments and laws were formed along with new theories of art and new technological advances. Scientific thinking was groundbreaking among Greek minds. Ideas of mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and anatomy engro ssed the public. During times like the industrial revolution technology came into play through rational thought. People began to think of ways to better themselves and took on the theory to better their work. People began to question the meanings of life and began using their minds to expand the world. Even today, rational thought is used by all of us and continues to influence society. 2 The creation of rational thought began with the Age of Enlightenment. People believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world. Their principal targets were religion (embodied in France in the Catholic Church) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy. (Brian, Paul) The citizens were open to new ideas and influenced by traders from around the world. Laws were invented and written down to express the will of their society. Although, monarchies still often ruled during the 1700s, but with less security than in earlier times. The English executed their king in 1642, France executed their king and queen (in 1793 and 1794 respectively) during the French Revolution, and other European monarchies soon fell. Royal instability suggested insecurity of the social order over which aristocracies had ruled. (McClure, Beverly) During the Age of Enlightenment politics and democracy exploded. The French Revolution began due to the fact that people were now thinking of themselves and not how they could serve others. The French Revolution, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France that had a lasting impact on French hi story and more broadly throughout Europe. The absolute monarchy that had ruled France for centuries collapsed within three years. French society underwent an epic transformation, as feudal, aristocratic and religious privileges evaporated under a sustained assault from radical left-wing political groups, masses on the streets, and peasants in the countryside. Old ideas about tradition and hierarchy regarding monarchs, aristocrats, and the Catholic Church were abruptly overthrown by new principles liberty, equality and fraternity. The royal houses across Europe were horrified and led a counter-crusade that by 1814 had restored the old monarchy, but many 3 major reforms became permanent. So too did antagonisms between the supporters and enemies of the Revolution, who fought it out politically over the next two centuries. People were also thinking of how they could make their individual lives better. New inventions to include the Millennium Clock, the spinning jenny, and steam powered products were realized during this time. Although steam powered products were not really realized until this time they were invented long before. Hero or Heron of Alexandria was an ancient Greek mathematician and engineer who was active in his native city of Alexandria, Roman Egypt. He is considered the greatest experimenter of antiquity and his work is representative of the Hellenistic scientific tradition. Hero published a well-recognized description of a steam-powered device called an aeolipile (hence sometimes called a Hero engine). Among his most famous inventions was a wind wheel, constituting the earliest instance of wind harnessing on land. He is said to have been a follower of the Atomists. Some of his ideas were derived from the works of Ctesibius. Although, much of Heros original writings and designs have been lost, but some of his works were preserved in Arab manuscripts. The first steam powered invention fully used turned up in the 18th century. Since the beginning of the 18th century, many inventors and designers had been hard at work trying to get steam to function as an industrial power source. Many technical problems stood in the way, but one inventor, James Watts, took the bull by the horns and developed a condenser, a double-acting engine and governor to make the steam engine practical as a new energy source. After the Revolution, Politicians and citizens were able to debate issues and question justice. This form of independent thinking brought great pride and self-confidence to members of 4 society. On 10 June 1789, Abbà © Sieyà ¨s moved that the Third Estate, now meeting as the Communes proceed with verification of its own powers and invite the other two estates to take part, but not to wait for them. They proceeded to do so two days later, completing the process on 17 June. Then they voted a measure far more radical, declaring themselves the National Assembly, an assembly not of the Estates but of the People. Philosophy and rational thinking continued to grow throughout the world in the next few centuries. Rational thought had become the most dominant ideology in Western Civilization. Philosophers aimed to examine human happiness, self-control, and equality. Also, there was a major focus on the study of science. Understanding the world from the human required many philosophers to devote immense research in science. In turn this influenced how the western world reasoned and used rational thought. This allowed for huge successes for further Philosophy, architecture, a rt, mathematics, anatomy, botany, literature, and creativity. A few Greek philosophers named Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were rational thinkers who influenced their worlds. These three contemporary wise men influenced Western Civilization and technology with their quest for knowledge and thought, and their writings that are still widely read today! Socrates believed that knowledge was the key to good life and that knowledge led to happy citizens with good moral conduct.(Kemerling, Garth) One of the best known sayings of Socrates is I only know that I know nothing. The conventional interpretation of this remark is that Socrates wisdom was limited to an awareness of his own ignorance. Socrates believed wrongdoing was a consequence of ignorance and those who did wrong knew 5 no better. The one thing Socrates consistently claimed to have knowledge of was the art of love, which he connected with the concept of the love of wisdom, i.e., philosophy. He never actually claimed to be wise, only to understand the path a lover of wisdom must take in pursuing it. It is debatable whether Socrates believed humans (as opposed to gods like Apollo) could actually become wise. On the one hand, he drew a clear line between human ignorance and ideal knowledge; on the other, Platos Symposium (Diotimas Speech) and Republic (Allegory of the Cave) describe a method for ascending to wisdom. His beliefs and questions angered many of his peers so much, that they convicted him of corrupting society and sentenced him to death. Plato was Socrates student and â€Å"he displays in his works his absorption in the political events and intellectual movements of his time, but the questions he raises are so profound and the strategies he uses for tackling them so richly suggestive and pr ovocative that educated readers of nearly every period have in some way been influenced by him, and in practically every age there have been philosophers who count themselves Platonists in some important respects†.(Kraut, Richard) He sought knowledge on creating a perfect society. Also, he opened a school for rational thought called the Academy. In this school, he stressed that knowledge was found through debate and the conflict created from them. There is great debate on how Plato died. There are many theories to include him dying in his sleep and dying at a wedding feast. The last of the three great Greek philosophers was Aristotle. Aristotle was a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. He was a writer of logic, politics, and biology. He summarized most of the previous knowledge of philosophy into his own writings. Aristotle collected constitutions from many Greek states, researched them, and provided ideas for greater political thought. Questions arose from every 6 debate or conversation and rational thought exploded. Due to the rise of all the questions on life, and possible answers, rational thought surfaced. New centers for education began opening around the world. These centers spread new ideas including: writing and rhetoric, mathematics, innovations, arts, technologies, and medicines. Also, there was a major focus on the study of science. Understanding the world from the human required many philosophers to devote immense research in science. In turn this influenced how the western world reasoned and used rational thought. Rational Thinking began to grow. It made people begin to think of things in a whole new light, to include how their lives could be made easier with new inventions. Alexandria was the site of creative inventors and scientific researchers. Citizens there built a huge library called the House of the Muses. The library grew to include star observatories, lecture halls, and laboratories, and also held over half a million manu scripts. Rational thought allowed scientists and inventors a better understanding of the world around them. Mathematicians like Euclid and Archimedes studied geometry and higher mathematics (Encyclopedia Britannica). Archimedes also invented a screw pump that lifted water from the ground. (Noel, William) Others invented navigational instruments and mapmaking abilities for ships out at sea, built small steam engines, and even washing machines. Geographers tried to map the world, while astronomers questioned life outside the world. Alexandria was, unfortunately, destroyed by the Christians in the fourth century. (Chesser, Preston) Imagine what the world would be like if all the knowledge and 7 research had made it out of Alexandria. The information that did survive the destruction continues to help researchers to this day. Overall, rational thought is something most of us take for granted. It is from the rational thought influence that we are able to think for ourselves and make well thought out decisions. Rational thought gave the individual a new outlook on their daily lives and how they could step away from the old way of living under the heel of the church. It is from the Greek influence that we are able to think for ourselves and make rational decisions. Great minds have helped contribute to this great civilization we live in. The world has forever been changed by the ability to reason and question reality. Without the humble beginnings of rational thought our world may not be as advanced in technology as it is today. The Western world has forever been changed by the ability to reason and question reality. Many future civilizations used the thoughts of famous Greeks a nd today rational thought is more powerful than ever. The most valuable things in the world are just trinkets compared to the value of the mind. From the beginning of the age rational thought our modern civilizations have been based around how to make our lives easier with better decisions. We are accustomed to thinking of rationality as a feature of modern societies. Modernity has been accompanied by an unprecedented growth of science and the breakdown of many taboos. We are able, as our ancestors were not, to question everything, choose our leaders, and 8 build on reliable knowledge accumulated over the past few hundred years. This is why modernity appears to us as a value that must be preserved. References Brian, Paul 1998, â€Å"The Enlightment†, Washington University http://public.wsu.edu/~brians/hum_303/enlightenment.html. McClure, Beverly, â€Å"The Enlightenment, Age of Reason† Southwest Tennessee Community College http://www.westga.edu/~mmcfar/enlightenment_or_age_of_reas.htm Kemerling, Garth, â€Å"Socrates† (1997) http://www.philosophypages.com/ph/socr.htm. Kraut, Richard, Plato, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (summer 2012 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2012/entries/plato/. Britannica, Encyclopedia, 2006, â€Å"The Elements†, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/194880/Euclid Noel, William, â€Å"The Archimedes Palimpsest†, (2006), http://archimedespalimpsest.org/about/management/ Chesser, Preston â€Å"The Burning of the Library of Alexandria†, (2002), http://ehistory.osu.edu/world/articles/articleview.cfm?aid=9

The Philosophy of Rationality in Economics

The Philosophy of Rationality in Economics Nikita Kohli The ways of being human are bound but infinite. -Larry Niven An Introduction There exists no single definition of Rationality, yet it forms the cornerstone of basal assumptions of standard models of economics. A sweeping glance of the concept however, elucidates one fact. Rationality deals in human behaviour, it aims to understand its motivations and predict future outcomes based on choices. Rife with contradictions and limitations analogous to the innate complexity of human nature, this theory has been repeated altered and manifests itself in different ways with the progression of time. Objectives: The primary objective of this paper is to qualitatively analyze economic literature and draw conclusions pertaining to the concept of rationality and its relevance in the world today. Literature Review This paper, as the title suggests, aims to examine the concept of rationality, its use both philosophically in the study of broad humanity as well as in its more specific application to economics and standard models of human behaviour. In order to gain an understanding of early texts exploring concepts of rationality, such as the works of Aristotle and, the author relied on interpretative papers such as those of Fred Miller (1984). Various original works of authors have been studied chronologically to enable a historic overview of the concept, eventually yielding to contemporary work, implications and applications to various phenomena. Notable repositories of information such as the Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and critical essays on the subject of Rationality (a collection edited by Bill Gerrard) have been accessed. The papers with their extensive reference lists gave the author insight into the vast literature focused on this specific subject. Reviews and critiques, and studies in retrospect of concepts have been perused to help put an idea from another time into contemporary perspective. PART 1 Rationality: A historical Analysis If one devalues rationality, the world tends to fall apart – Lars Von Trier The first mention of the concept of Rationality is seen in the work of Aristotle; who states that the human being has a rational principle and the ability to carry out rationally formulated projects. (Miller, 1984). ‘Homo Economicus’ or the ‘Economic Man’ was a term that first appeared in the work of J.S Mill who described man as ‘solely as a being who desires to possess wealth, and who is capable of judging the comparative efficacy of means for obtaining that end’. (Mill, 1844). This is the base of the most widespread assumption in economics – that man strives to only maximize his utility and satisfaction, and this trait, intrinsic to all men, is termed ‘rationality’. Jevons, the forbearer of mathematical economics propounded a quantitative measure of the utility function. In stressing on the concept of marginal utility, he put forth some basic tenets of the utility consumption theory, namely that economic agents derive utility by consumption of goods, and that they are rational, calculating maximisers. In attempting to ‘treat the economy as a  calculus  of pleasure and pain’, Jevons (1871) set the foundations for a paradigm of Economics, which was deeply rooted in individualistic theories of motivation and decisions. Von Mises (1949), in his seminal work on human nature and decision making, asserted that human action is ‘necessarily always rational’. His understanding of rationality, however, differed from that of his successors in the field of Economics. He believed that every human being acted in a way that furthered their self-interest and was to achieve some end goal. When viewed in pure subjectivity, no action can be termed irrational as every human being acts out of some motivation, thus making the action ‘rational’. Concepts of Rationality: A contemporary analysis All human behavior is scheduled and programmed through rationality.   Michael Foucault In the early 1960s, mathematical economist John Muth (considered the Father of the Rational Expectations Revolution in Economics) put forth a body of work that would leave on indelible mark on the rationality discourse. For the first time, a significant difference in economic analysis was made, that between ‘adaptive’ and ‘rational’ expectations. Muth’s work and the theory of Rational Expectations was considered iconoclastic at the time as it proposed a shift in knowledge processing, analysis and decision making. Neo-classical economics, as propounded by Friedman, Keynes and others dealt with systems and analysis using historical data. This was termed ‘adaptive’. Adaptive neo-classical theory forms the basis for many policy decisions, be in pump-priming investment or monetary contraction. Policy is created in keeping with past results and some common assumptions in economics – people will demand more when the government invests in the economy etc. In contrast, Rational Expectations take into view the whole economy, in its real-time functionality, and uses imbibes current information in its analysis. It propounds that ‘rational agents’ continuously update their information and take into account the whole system. As Muth (1961) asserts, ‘the economy does not waste information, and that expectations depend specifically on the structure of the entire system. In addition to this fundamental tenet, this school of thought also states that markets will always clear; prices will adjust to fluctuations in supply almost immediately. When this concept is extrapolated to encompass the macro economy, it is often stated that no government policy or exogenous shock can shake up the system. This is because of the existence of rational agents, who, using their knowledge of existing phenomenon, expect certain outcomes and adjust their course of action accordingly. For instance, in a recessionary period, sellers will not let their prices fall. They behave in this manner because they are aware of the current scenario and preempt government investment intervention to attenuate falling demand. Thus they expect their demand to rise in the near future. As Greg Egan would put it, ‘It all adds up to normality’. While implicit in the Rational Expectations theory is the existence of perfect knowledge, transmuting into rational decisions, there emerged a field of study which emphasized the shortcomings of knowledge and information acquisition. The term ‘Bounded Rationality’ was introduced by Herbert Simon in his book Models of Man (1957). While in spirit adhering to the belief that human beings are rational, Simon’s theory observed a critical failing; that of the assumption of complete information. In this structure, human behaviour is viewed not in terms of rational, utility maximizing behaviour. Instead, it is seen as a series of actions, often not compatible with each other, decisions taken in situations of partial information and based on limited reflection. This accounts for the limitations to both knowledge and cognitive capacity. Taking this idea further, simmering in the field of human behaviour vis a vis economic processes, is the belief that human beings can sometimes be ‘Irrational’. Carrying out specific studies in this area, economist Dan Ariely finds surprising results. In a given situation, a person may make a choice which will not benefit them in the future, may not help them immediately, and the decision is made in the light of these two eventualities. Ariely explains that this is because human behaviour is not always controlled by rational motives, it is highly impulse driven and impacted heavily by exogenous factors. In the early 1960s, Gary Becker put forth the same idea; only that he believed even irrational agents can work ‘smoothly as a single unit’. Human irrationality, he states, was in fact rational. PART 2 – NUANCES OF RATIONALITY Amartya Sen anchors a clear distinction in the approaches to Rationality in literature. He divides them into two broad categories – Instrumental Rationality and Substantive Rationality. Substantive rationality is when one acts out of objectively, independently defined self interest. This lends itself to the General Equilibrium theory, the starting point of individual behaviour is a predefined utility function, and choice arises from this within the constraints imposed. Instrumental rationality dons a more humane approach wherein it allows for objectives that are not restricted to solely self-interest. This methodology acknowledges the influence of other factors on rationality. Sociologist Max Weber states a similar idea; that of Wertrationalor value/belief-oriented rationality, wherein the motives for action are often driven by reasons intrinsic to a particular actor, such as specific emotions, societal or spiritual aspects. Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky have made important contributions to the understanding of rationality and reactions to choice. The Prospect theory attempts to describe decisions under uncertainty. It empirically proves that a decision making process is often not rational; people are risk-averse when they stand to incur losses and risk-taking when they stand to gain. Another obstacle to ‘rational’ thinking is the problems posed by ‘heuristics’ (Kahneman Tversky, 1974). Heuristics are mental short-cuts, which usually involve focusing on one part of a complex problem and often ignoring the larger, more complete set of information. This limited perception of the issue at hand is used to make a decision. In any sphere of study, the influence of external social factors cannot be denied, on a superficial level, this impact could manifest itself in the way of the ‘Demonstration’ or ‘Bandwagon’ effect. On deeper examination, we see that these exogenous factors often define an individual’s sense of Rationality, which leads us to realize that Rationality can never be completely objective or homogenously innate to all. Adopting a pragmatic approach to the limitations posed by imperfect knowledge, Herbert Simon proposes the term ‘satisficing’. He pointed out that human beings lack the cognitive resources tooptimize: the relevant probabilities of outcomes are usually, thus the evaluation of all outcomes with sufficient precision is rare, if not impossible. A more realistic approach to rationality takes into account these limitations. An important application of the rationality principle in neo-classical economic theory is in the analyses of perfect competition. Competitive equilibrium is said to have been reached when each person maximizes their utility, given a certain set of assumptions (no externalities). This state of equilibrium will tend towards Pareto Optimality as it is assumed that the Pareto Optimal state is one where there is perfectly competitive equilibrium at a given set of prices and some initial distribution of resources. Every rational utility maximizer is in equilibrium, wherein no one can be made better off without hurting another’s well-being and current status. This basal assumption of rational behaviour establishes the relationship between the aforementioned concepts. PART 3: CONCLUSION In everything, one thing is impossible: rationality – Nietshchze This paper has attempted to shed light upon the various dimensions of rationality, as depicted in economic phenomenon. Problems arise however, with the implicit assumption of rationality in models involving human behaviour in varied situations. Rationality implies comprehensive knowledge of the current economic system, which is then factored into the decision making process. In keeping with the ‘Efficient Market Hypothesis’, markets will always correct themselves and clear as people are able to adapt and adjust to fluctuations almost immediately, due to their information. It has also been argued that natural processes of elimination ensure that rationality perpetuates itself, where those who act ‘rationally’ work optimally. This can be seen in nature, in the principle of ‘survival of the fittest’. Milton Friedman also draws this parallel to markets, where non-profit maximizing firms are driven to a wall so that only the ‘rational’, profit maximizing firms may survive. (Friedman, 1953). These applications and assumptions are rife with shortfalls. The first limitation is that of ‘knowledge’. Acquisition of this perfect knowledge to facilitate rationality is expensive, consumes resources, and in many cases proves impossible to obtain. To assume that perfect knowledge is a prerequisite for rational behaviour limits its scope. While looking at markets and macro-structures, one can see rational expectations as the underlying force in stock markets. These markets are extremely sensitive to minor fluctuations and react almost instantaneously to restore equilibrium. The same cannot be said of the economy. It is impossible to expect policy to change, or its impact to be as versatile as is seen in the stock markets. The case of the rupee depreciation illustrates this point, wherein the stock markets adjust to the disturbance, but the economy is left flagging. Chamberlin points out, that for Perfectly Competitive equilibrium to exist, there at first must exist a certain measure of disequilibrium. He states that not merely pure, but perfect competition is requisite for the rationality hypotheses can have their full power. The existence of the initial disequilibrium, in conditions of complete rationality, proves to be contradictory. Another limitation of the rationality assumption is that it makes for models that are normative, rather positive. Formally and explicitly, these provide frameworks to understand how agents should act in order to maximize their self interest. This fails in its predictive capacity, to see how one will behave in the future. We’re all mad here – Cheshire Cat, Alice in Wonderland Rationality is assumed to be highly centered on the individual. But as Kenneth Arrow 1986) points out, rationality gathers not only its force, but very meaning from the social context in which it is embedded. It holds only under ideal conditions, the nature of which is not seen in the world today. Adam Smith in the Theory of Moral Sentiments attributes actions to not only self-interest, but more humane factors like love, benevolence and community feeling. A science taking into account human behaviour must closely study its major drivers. Exposure to various social factors and upbringing influences the way people think. Defining rationality becomes problematic, what is rational to one may be deemed irrational to another. For instance, faith, religious belief, personal opinions and ideology are not universal in their impact and acceptance. Rationality then becomes extremely contextual; one person’s rationality is bound to not hold in another person’s situation. Rationality can also be temporal, due to the lack of accurate information about the future; what holds true today or in the immediate foreseeable future, may not hold in the long-run. The limits and bounds to rational thinking are not clear and universal, they’re morphed and moulded and coloured by personal experiences and biases. A crucial distinction needs to be made about what kind of behaviour is rational and what is not, and what models of behaviour may be useful in predicting actual behaviour. Taking into account various individualities poses a great challenge, but to attribute motivation and action to perfect rationality, especially in the context of subjective human behaviour, is problematic. Anomalies will be patent to the process of fitting human nature and motives into an objective framework. The author concludes that an assumption about human beings, especially one as pervasive as assumed rationality, is dangerous. At the same time, accounting for individual drivers is nearly impossible. Policy, and core economic theory must be able to account for, at the very least acknowledge, these discrepancies. This is the only way to create frameworks which may work with greater precision. REFERENCES Arrow, K. J. (1986). Rationality of self and others in an economic system.  Journal of Business, S385-S399. Friedman, M. (1953). The methodology of positive economics.  The Philosophy of economics: an anthology,2, 180-213. Heap, H.S (1993) Post Modernity and New Conceptions of Rationality in Economics. In The Economics of Rationality. (pp. 48-60). Routledge Jevons, W. S. (1871).  The Theory of Political Economy. Macmillan and Company. Kahneman, D. (1994). New challenges to the rationality assumption.  Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE)/Zeitschrift fà ¼r die gesamte Staatswissenschaft, 18-36. Kahneman, D. (2003). Maps of bounded rationality: Psychology for behavioral economics.  The American economic review,  93(5), 1449-1475. List, J. A. (2004). Neoclassical theory versus prospect theory: Evidence from the marketplace.  Econometrica,  72(2), 615-625. Mill, J. S., Backhouse, R. E. (1997).  On the Definition of Political Economy; and of the Method of Investigation Proper to it: Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy (1844); On the Logic of the Moral Sciences: A System of Logic (1856)(Vol. 1). Routledge. Miller, F. D. (1984). Aristotle on Rationality in Action. The Review of Metaphysics, 499-520.s Muth, J. F. (1961). Rational expectations and the theory of price movements.Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 315-335. Sen, A. (2000). Reason before identity.  Romanes Lecture. Sen, A. K. (1977). Rational fools: A critique of the behavioral foundations of economic theory.  Philosophy Public Affairs,  6(4), 317-344. Stewart, S. A. (2005). Can behavioral economics save us from ourselves?.  University of Chicago magazine, 97(3). Swidler, A. (1973). The concept of rationality in the work of Max Weber.  Sociological Inquiry, 43(1), 35-42. Tetlock, P. E., Mellers, B. A. (2002). The great rationality debate.  Psychological Science, 13(1), 94-99. Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1974). Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases.  science,  185(4157), 1124-1131. Tversky, A., Kahneman, D. (1986). Rational choice and the framing of decisions. Journal of business, S251-S278. Von Mises, L., Greaves, B. B. (1949). Human action (pp. 59-62). Liberty Fund. Webliography Future Prospects. (2013, Aug, 5). retrieved September 1 2013, from The Economist Web Site: http://www.economist.com/blogs/freeexchange/2013/08/prospect-theory-and-economics Rethinking Thinking. (1999, Dec, 16). retrieved September 1 2013, from The Economist Web Site: http://www.economist.com/node/268946